雷公藤二萜成分研究

研究雷公藤(Tripterygium wilfordii Hook．f.)根心部分的化学成分。采用硅胶柱色谱法进行分离,从其氯仿提取物中分得11个二萜化合物,经波谱分析化合物分别鉴定为：triptoquinonoeA(1),山海棠酸(2),triptoquine(3),异雷酚新内酯(4),山海棠素(5),雷酚萜甲醚(6),雷公藤内酯三醇(7),雷公藤酮(8),雷公藤甲素(9),tripterfordin(10),雷酚新内酯苷(11)。化合物11为新化合物。     

青钱柳悬浮培养细胞三萜酸的分离及结构鉴定

通过大孔树脂吸附、硅胶柱层析、Sephadex LH-20凝胶层析、半制备高效液相色谱及重结晶对青钱柳悬浮培养细胞三萜酸进行分离纯化,获得5个单体三萜酸,经高分离度快速液相-飞行时间质谱(RRLC-TOF/MS)、核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)和核磁共振碳谱(13C NMR)等分析,分别被鉴定为2α-羟基齐墩果酸、2α-羟基熊果酸、白桦脂酸、齐墩果酸、熊果酸,其中2α-羟基齐墩果酸和白桦脂酸是首次在青钱柳中得到分离鉴定.     

岩木瓜根皮化学成分研究

应用柱色谱技术对岩木瓜根皮的化学成分进行了分离纯化,并对分离所得的化合物采用核磁共振及质谱鉴定了化舍物结构.从岩木瓜根皮中分离、鉴定了9个化合物,根据化合物的理化常数和波谱数据鉴定其结构,分别鉴定为β-香树脂醇乙酸酯(1)、蒲公英赛酮(2)、蒲公英赛醇(3)、2α-羟基齐墩果酸(4)、齐墩果酸(5)、β-谷甾醇(6)、...     

杉木根皮的化学成分研究

采用溶剂提取和柱色谱分离等方法, 对杉木根皮的化学成分进行分离和纯化. 从杉木根皮中分离、鉴定了6个化合物, 根据化合物的理化常数和波谱数据鉴定其结构, 分别为:二十八烷醇(Ⅰ)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(Ⅱ)、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(Ⅲ)、β-谷甾醇(Ⅳ)、β-胡萝卜苷(Ⅴ)和山奈酚(Ⅵ);6个化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到.     

秦岭地区玉竹根茎的高异黄烷酮化学成分

利用硅胶和Sephadex LH-20等色谱分离手段从分布于秦岭的玉竹根茎中分离得到4个母核结构碳甲基化和氧甲基化的高异黄烷酮化合物,通过理化性质和光谱学方法及与文献值对照,鉴定化合物的结构分别为甲基麦冬黄烷酮B(Ⅰ)、4',5,7-三羟基-6,8-二甲基高异黄烷酮(Ⅱ)、4',5,7-三羟基-6甲基-8甲氧基高异黄烷酮(Ⅲ)和4',5,7-三羟基-6-甲基高异黄烷酮(Ⅳ);其中化合物Ⅰ和化合物Ⅳ首次从黄精属植物中得到.     

三花假卫矛三萜类化学成分的研究

通过核磁共振和质普分析对三花假卫矛藤茎的化学成分进行研究,分离并鉴定了6个三萜类化学成分,分别为β-香树脂醇(Ⅰ)、齐墩果酸(Ⅱ)、β-香树脂醇棕榈酸脂(Ⅲ)、羽扇豆醇(Ⅳ)、20(30)-羽扇豆烯-3-酮(Ⅴ)及20(30)-羽扇豆烯-3β, 29-二醇(Ⅵ)。经检索,所有化合物均为首次从三花假卫矛中分得。     

湖北海棠枝干溃疡病病原鉴定及生理学特性研究

采用组织分离法对湖北海棠枝干溃疡病原菌进行分离,对病原菌进行形态学和分子生物学鉴定。结果表明:从海棠枝干溃疡病菌中共分离纯化得到15个菌株,鉴定出2种病原菌,分别为海棠轮纹病原菌Botryosphaeria dothidea;海棠腐烂病原菌Valsa ceratosperma,室内人工接种苹果果实均有致病性。两种病菌随着不同温度和pH值升高而逐渐生长加速,其中腐烂病菌对温度和酸碱度的适应性更强一些。     

中心复合设计法优化熊果酸和齐墩果酸的HPLC测试条件

在考察HPLC流动相体系和色谱柱对熊果酸、齐墩果酸分离测定影响的基础上,采用中心复合设计,以分离度和分析时间为响应值,对熊果酸和齐墩果酸HPLC分离测定的主要影响因素(甲醇与水相的体积比、水相中磷酸的体积分数、流动相流速及柱温)进行多重响应优化,建立了有效、快速的分离测定熊果酸和齐墩果酸的HPLC方法。结果表明,在210 nm的检测波长下,用Shim-pack ODS-CLC(M)色谱柱,流动相为甲醇/磷酸水溶液体系,甲醇与水体积比为91.7∶8.3,磷酸体积分数为0.05%,流速为0.6 mL/min,柱温为21℃,齐墩果酸和熊果酸可以在23 min内得到有效分离,分离度达到1.739。     

手性α-溴代异长叶烯酮的合成研究

研究了以(2R,4aS)-异长叶烯酮为原料合成α-溴代异长叶烯酮的溴代反应。采用乙酸乙酯为溶剂,异长叶烯酮与溴化铜进行溴代反应得到两种同分异构体,经制备液相色谱分离纯化后,用~1H NMR,FT-IR,GC-MS,比旋光度和X射线单晶衍射等分析手段,确定其结构分别为(2R,4aR,6R)-(+)-6-Br-异长叶烯酮液体([α]_D~(25)+81°)和(2R,4aR,6S)-(-)-6-Br-异长叶烯酮晶体([α]_D~(25)-58°);探讨了制备工艺条件对溴代产物的影响。结果表明:在以乙醇为溶剂、溴化铜为溴代试剂的反应体系中,异长叶烯酮能选择性溴代生成(2R,4aR,6S)-(-)-6-Br-异长叶烯酮,且最佳制备工艺条件为异长叶烯酮6.54 g(0.03 mol),溴化铜与异长叶烯酮的物质的量之比为3∶1,溶剂乙醇用量60 m L,反应温度为78℃,反应时间为3 h。在此条件下,异长烯酮转化率为95.72%,(2R,4aR,6S)-(-)-6-Br-异长叶烯酮的得率为88.39%。     

刺玫果化学成分的研究

采用硅胶柱色谱和薄层色谱等方法对吉林产刺玫果化学成分进行了分离、纯化,运用现代波谱分析技术和理化性质对照等方法对其进行结构鉴定。共分离得到7个化合物,分别为α-D-(6-O-白芥子酰基)-吡喃葡萄糖基-β-D-(3-O-白芥子酰基)-呋喃果糖(1)、木犀草素-7-O-芸香糖苷(2)、金丝桃苷(3)、槲皮素(4)、异甘草素(5)、β-胡萝卜苷(6)、β-谷甾醇(7)。其中化合物1、2、5为首次从刺玫果中分离得到。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。