七彩红竹IhCCR-1基因的克隆与分析

肉桂酰辅酶A还原酶(Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase,CCR)是苯丙烷类代谢途径中的关键酶,在七彩红竹木质素和花青素合成代谢流向中起重要作用。依据七彩红竹转录组数据设计特异引物,采用反转录PCR技术从七彩红竹中克隆得到一个新的CCR基因的全长cDNA序列,命名为IhCCR-1(登录号:KP271440)。结果表明,该基因全长cDNA为1 038 bp,编码345个氨基酸的蛋白质,属于酸性稳定蛋白,不存在信号肽,为非分泌蛋白;IhCCR-1蛋白具有保守的KNWYCYGK催化位点,属于NADB-Rossmann超家族,相对分子量为37.61 kDa;Ih CCR-1与其他植物的CCR具有较高的亲缘关系。研究结果将为进一步研究七彩红竹木质素产生的分子机理和综合开发利用奠定基础。     

油桐ALDH22A1和ALDH2C4基因克隆及其序列分析

为给油桐ALDH基因的结构与功能研究提供理论依据,以葡萄桐的近成熟种子为材料,根据油桐转录组测序结果设计引物,采用RT-PCR技术克隆了油桐ALDH22A1基因和ALDH2C4基因的全长cDNA序列。ALDH22A1的cDNA序列全长1 782 bp,编码593个氨基酸,该基因编码蛋白质的相对分子质量为65.60 kDa,理论等电点为6.62,蛋白二级结构以α螺旋为主,具有1个明显的跨膜结构,是稳定的非分泌蛋白。ALDH2C4的cDNA序列全长1 506 bp,编码501个氨基酸,该基因编码蛋白质的相对分子质量为54.82 kDa,理论等电点为6.58,蛋白二级结构以α螺旋为主,是不具有跨膜结构的膜外蛋白。BLASTp分析结果表明,这2个基因所编码序列与麻疯树、蓖麻的乙醛脱氢酶一致性最高,高达80%以上,含有醛脱氢酶基因家族的保守结构域。     

巴拉圭瓜多竹CCR基因的克隆与分析

肉桂酰辅酶A还原酶(cinnamoyl-Co A reductase,CCR)是木质素生物合成途径中关键酶。本研究依据转录组数据设计特异性引物,采用RT-PCR方法成功地从巴拉圭瓜多竹(Guadua paraguayanan)中克隆得到一个全新的CCR基因的全长cDNA序列,命名为GpCCR。序列分析结果表明,GpCCR包含完整的c DNA开放阅读框(ORF),由1065bp组成,编码354个氨基酸。Blast比对结果显示该蛋白质属于CCR家族蛋白;系统进化树结果显示瓜多竹与禾本科植物大麦、水稻等亲缘关系较近。荧光定量PCR检测显示GpCCR在巴拉圭瓜多竹的茎秆中表达量最高,在叶中表达量最低。     

中华大节竹K~+通道蛋白β亚基的克隆及序列分析

用RACE法从中华大节竹幼苗中克隆了K+通道蛋白β亚基,命名为KIB1(基因登录号:JX900132)。序列分析表明,该基因全长1 211 bp,开放读码框为987 bp,编码329个氨基酸多肽。经氨基酸同源性和聚类分析证实,KIB1与拟南芥(KAB1)和水稻(KOB1)钾离子通道蛋白的序列同源性较高,其同源性分别为85.06%和82.32%。亚细胞定位结果表明,该蛋白主要存在于线粒体中(86.1%)。     

白桦果胶甲酯酶抑制剂(PMEI)基因克隆及序列分析

从白桦(Betula platyphylla Suk.)cDNA文库中获得1个果胶甲酯酶抑制剂(PMEI)基因全长cDNA序列,该序列去除polyA后长946 bp,其ORF全长624 bp,编码208个氨基酸,编码蛋白的分子量22 486.4D,理论等电点为10.09,保守区分析确定其含有PMEI蛋白保守序列,属于植物PMEI超家族。该结果为研究白桦细胞壁代谢的分子调控奠定了基础。     

杜仲MVA途径相关基因全长cDNA序列特征研究

杜仲幼果和成熟果转录组测序的基础上,分离鉴定了幼果和成熟果MVA途径ACOT、HMGS、HMGR基因全长cDNA序列,并对基因的核苷酸序列及其相应氨基酸序列的组成成分、跨膜结构域、疏水性/亲水性、蛋白质二、三级结构、分子系统进化等进行分析。EuACOT基因全长cDNA为1 248 bp,编码416个氨基酸,属于稳定疏水性蛋白,无明显的跨膜区,在进化上分属于不同的分类群,与烟草和番茄的ACOT蛋白间的亲缘关系最为接近;EuHMGS基因全长cDNA为1 356 bp,编码452个氨基酸,属于不稳定的疏水性蛋白,无明显的跨膜区,在进化上分属于不同的分类群,与茶树的HMGS蛋白间的亲缘关系最为接近;EuHMGR基因全长cDNA为1 770 bp,编码590个氨基酸,属于不稳定的疏水性蛋白,有两个较明显的跨膜区,在进化上分属于不同的分类群,与杜仲的HMGR蛋白间的亲缘关系最为接近;以上三个蛋白的二级结构均是以α-螺旋和螺环结构为主的混合型结构。     

巨龙竹cDNA文库的构建

为了分离与鉴定巨龙竹速生巨大相关基因,以巨龙竹当年所发新叶为材料,用植物叶RNA抽提试剂盒提取了总RNA;采用C reatorTMSM ARTIMcDNA L ibrary construction k it所提供的方法,合成及纯化cDNA,并将cDNA连接到质粒载体上,通过C aC l2法将重组质粒转化到DH 5a中,成功构建了巨龙竹cDNA文库。文库容量为1.04×105,PCR检测表明大多数插入片段均大于1 000 bp,表明构建的巨龙竹cDNA文库质量较高,为进一步进行EST测序和全长基因克隆打下了基础。     

巨龙竹肉桂醇脱氢酶基因(DsCAD)的克隆及功能分析

肉桂醇脱氢酶(cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase,CAD)是木质素生物合成途径的关键酶。研究根据巨龙竹转录组数据设计的一对特异引物,运用逆转录PCR(RT-PCR)技术从巨龙竹茎秆中克隆得到肉桂醇脱氢酶基因DsCAD,该基因包含1080 bp的完整c DNA开放阅读框,编码359个氨基酸,理论相对分子质量38689.6,等电点6.18。利用生物信息学方法对DsCAD进行分析,结果显示:DsCAD氨基酸序列包含CAD超家族的保守结构域,具有植物CAD基因的典型特征;其与禾本科植物CAD基因的同源性较高,亲缘关系较近,其中与孝顺竹的同源性高达95%。荧光定量PCR检测结果显示DsCAD基因在巨龙竹竹笋中的表达量要高于茎秆,而在茎秆中的表达量有明显高于叶。     

杉木木质素合成酶基因CCR的克隆和序列分析

以杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)茎叶为材料,根据已报道的肉桂酰辅酶A还原酶(Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase,CCR)基因保守区设计简并引物,采用RT-PCR结合RACE的策略克隆获得杉木CCR基因的全长cDNA(命名为CLCCR),该基因cDNA序列全长1 379 bp,具有一个975 bp的开放阅读框(Open Reading Frame,简称ORF),编码324个氨基酸,序列分析表明:杉木CCR基因核苷酸序列与已报道的欧洲云杉(Picea abies,CAK18610.1)CCR基因具有87%的相似性;与其他植物氨基酸序列聚类分析显示杉木与松科植物欧洲云杉、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、火炬松(P.taeda)的亲缘关系较近。     

油桐异质型乙酰辅酶A羧化酶accA亚基全长cDNA克隆及序列分析

为了揭示油桐乙酰辅酶A羧化酶accA基因的序列特点和结构功能,从而为该基因的深入研究和开发利用奠定基础,以葡萄桐的近成熟种子为材料,根据油桐转录组测序结果设计引物,采用RT-PCR技术克隆了油桐乙酰辅酶A羧化酶α亚基全长cDNA序列。测序结果表明:该基因cDNA序列全长2 313 bp,编码770个氨基酸;以其推导出的α亚基氨基酸序列蛋白的等电点pI为8.48,相对分子量为85 902.7 Da,稳定系数为37.33。生物信息学分析结果表明:此蛋白含有4个比较明显的跨膜区,是一个不稳定的非分泌蛋白。模体搜索结果表明:在α亚基上有羧基转移酶域和ACCA功能域;其三级结构中有14个α螺旋,整体呈球型,并有一个向外延伸的结构。该基因已登录到GenBank,命名为VfCTα。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。