黄藤栽培技术的研究*

论述了黄藤的壮苗培育和造林技术、藤林的经营采收技术及经营黄藤林经济效益。２３°３０’Ｎ以南为黄藤适生栽培区，年均温２０～２４．５℃，极端低温大于一２．８℃，１５Ｃ活动积温大于５８００℃；年降雨量大于１２００ｍｍ。适宜的立地：林内相对光照强度大于５０％，土壤润湿，表土有机质含量大于２％，全氮大于０．１％，全磷大于０．０１％，ｐＨ４．４～６．７。在１５℃条件下，保持种子在２９％的安全含水率的湿藏法，能有效保持种子活力６个月。黄藤造林的综合技术质量指标：１年生苗木的合格苗叶片数大于４．Ｏ片，苗高大于２５ｃｍ，壮苗叶片数大于５．Ｏ片，苗高大于３５ｃｍ；８年生藤林成丛株数大于１３．Ｏ株，１２年生藤林原藤产量７０００ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，速生丰产林平均成丛株数大于５０株，总茎长大于１００ｍ／丛，采收量大于１００００ｋｇ／ｈｍ２。本文还论述了黄藤的工艺成熟龄、采收间隔期、采收和经营方法以及经营黄藤林的经济效益。     

两种省藤组培成苗芽的选择

对单叶省藤、短叶省藤组培快繁成苗芽的选择研究试验结果表明：生长健壮、形态正常的不同高度未展叶单芽组,在成苗培养过程中,高生长、生根率、生根条数和生根长度存在差异。高度在２．１～４．０ｃｍ的未展叶单芽为伸长培养和生根诱导培养的最佳高度组,生根诱导培养３个月后,芽苗生长可达长到组培苗移植规格（苗高、根长〉４．０ｃｍ）。研究试验结果还显示,２种省藤组培成苗培养过程,伸长及生根诱导培养可浓缩为一步,直接从增殖培养材料中选择２．１～４．０ｃｍ的单芽进入生根诱导培养,一步成苗。     

樟子松机械切根苗与移植苗对比试验

机械切根苗,苗木质量优于移植苗和留床苗。切根２０ｃｍ的苗高、地径分别比移植苗大９．４和０．２ｃｍ,大于１ｍｍ的侧根数量,平均比移植苗多１１．８条,比留床苗多１０．０条。机械切根可使２年生樟子松的产苗量,比人工移植提高２４．２９％～３７．１４％,增加收入１．６～２．０万元／ｈｍ２。     

观赏百合组培苗移植试验

研究了不同介质、不同大小百合种球、不同移植季节及不同晾干时间对百合移植成活率、根系生长及叶、芽生长的影响，结果表明：10种试验介质中百合移植的最佳介质是100％珍珠岩或50％珍珠岩＋50％泥炭土，百合种球适宜直径为≥0．5cm，合适季节为春、秋季，晾干2．3d的百合种球的成活率仍可达80％以上，如果介质、种球大小、移植季节合适，百合组培苗不经过炼苗也可达到90％以上的成活率。     

龙眼砧木直径与嫁接相关的试验

在龙眼的适生区进行了不同直径砧木的龙眼嫁接试验，结果表明，不同直径的砧木对嫁接成活及苗木生长有显著差异，砧木直接大于０．６ｃｍ的嫁接成活率８０％以上，砧木直径大于０．７１ｃｍ的嫁接苗长势较好，０．９￣１．５ｃｍ的砧木对接芽生长最好。     

泥质海岸盐碱地绒毛白蜡造林试验研究

于１９９２年始在辽宁泥质海岸轻、中盐渍化土和苏打盐渍土上进行绒毛白蜡造林试验研究，结果表明：在轻盐渍化土壤上其年均高、地径生长量分别为１０８ｃｍ、１．４ｃｍ；中盐渍化土壤上分别为２７ｃｍ、０．９ｃｍ，均高于对照树种刺槐；在含盐量０．２９％，ｐＨ９．８的苏打盐渍土上生长不良，成活率及保存率仅为４０％左右．在轻、中盐渍化土上采取混交，施肥及中耕措施可促进其生长，施酸性土壤改良剂可提高造林成活率．绒毛白蜡功能叶片叶绿素ａ含量在轻盐渍化土上的最高，在苏打盐渍土上的最低，分别为０．４１ｍｇ／ｇ、０．３５ｍｇ／ｇ；其细胞膜透性在苏打盐渍土最大，是轻、中盐渍土上的５～７倍．     

刺槐人工林无性更新萌芽与根蘖发生规律的初步研究

对渭北刺槐人工林无性更新萌芽与根蘖发生规律调查研究表明：萌芽数量及幼树生长量随伐桩直径增加而增大，伐桩上萌条分布在０－８ｃｍ范围内，集中分布在距地面０－２ｃｍ内，靠坡下方多于坡上方，每伐桩平均萌条７．７ｃｍ株；萌条有效株生长量，在距地面２．１－４．０ｃｍ范围内，以４－６株丛生的生长快，根蘖幼树主要发生在０－７ｃｍ深土层中直径０．７１－１．４０ｃｍ粗的水平母根上，伐桩四周０．５１－１．５０ｃｍ范围内     

辽西低山丘陵荒坡营造水保林工程整地措施试验研究

为提高辽西半干旱地区营造水土保持林的成活率与质量，进行了工程整地措施试验。认为，造林前一年采取工程整地措施．能拦截坡面径充、拦蓄泥土、积存枯草（枝）落叶。较荒坡土壤含水量提高，土层厚０～１５ｃｍ为４．２％～７．５％，１５～３０ｃｍ为４．６％～８．５％；土壤有机质含量增加０．０３％～１．３７％；全氮增加　０．０１６％～０．０３１％，全磷提高０．００６％～０．０１４％；阳离子代换量高５．３０～　８．２４ｍｇ／１００ｇ土。土壤机械组成较荒坡粗沙比例降低，粘粒比例增高，物理性沙粒比例减少，物理性粘粒比例升高。给树木生长提供了良好的生态环境条件。造林成活率提高１０％～２５％，树木径粗增加０．１０～０．２８ｃｍ，树高增加１５．３％～９２．１％，树木长势显著好于荒坡造林。     

红皮云杉造林及透光抚育技术的研究

本文描述了红皮云杉的造林和抚育技术。研究表明，该树种适应性强，易成活，生长快。土层３０ｃｍ厚的半阴半阳中下部坡地为其造林最佳立地条件，最佳初植密度为４４００株／ｈｍ２，透光抚育起始年限是造林后第４年，上层郁闭度不大于０．３，宽度应以伐８ｍ留８ｍ为宜。     

银杏幼树嫁接良种技术研究

用郯城９号、５号、１３号、１６号、３１３号、３１７号６个银杏品种进行嫁接试验，嫁接成活率均在８３．３％以上，品种间无明显差异，新梢生长量以郯城９号最大为４２．０ｃｍ，郯城９号等５个品种间无显著差异，均与３１３号（２１．２ｃｍ）有显著差异。以郯城９号为试材进行嫁接部位、接穗留芽数、接穗年龄及粗度试验，结果表明：嫁接部位在苗高５０～８０ｃｍ较好，成活率均在８５％以上，幼树生长旺盛；接穗留３芽成活率可达９０％以上，留单芽成活率仅６０％；接穗年龄对嫁接成活率影响不显著，但接后新梢生长以１～３年生较好；接穗粗度以０．４～０．９ｃｍ为好。     

Survival of southern pine seedlings after inoculations with Pythium and cold storage in the presence of peat moss

Cold storing bareroot pine (Pinus spp.) seedlings grown in the southern U.S. for as little as 1 week in a cooler (just above freezing) in the fall (November to mid‐December) has been shown to reduce seedling survival after outplanting. In contrast, survival of container‐grown seedling is typically not affected when stored for 4 weeks in coolers in November and December. Wounds sustained by seedlings as they are lifted from nursery beds may allow Pythium spp. to infect bareroot seedling roots. Once in the cool, moist storage environment, Pythium multiplies and may result in seedling mortality after outplanting. Bareroot loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) and container‐grown loblolly, longleaf (Pinus palustris), slash (Pinus elliottii) and shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) seedlings were inoculated with either Pythium dimorphum or Pythium irregulare, cold stored with or without peat moss and monitored for survival after outplanting. Peat moss did not increase bareroot loblolly pine survival or reduce Pythium populations when seedlings were inoculated with Pythium prior to storage. Pythium irregulare reduced survival of longleaf and shortleaf pine grown in peat moss and perlite, respectively. Pythium did not affect loblolly or slash pine, but wounding their roots did reduce seedling survival when grown in containers.     

控释肥和灌溉方式对栓皮栎容器苗苗木质量及造林效果的影响

[目的]探讨控释肥和灌溉方式对栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis Bl.)容器苗生长、养分含量、基质电导率(EC)及2年造林效果的影响,为培育高质量苗木提供参考。[方法]以栓皮栎容器苗为研究对象,采用双因素完全随机试验设计,设置5个施肥水平(以N元素含量为基准,5个施肥水平分别为:25、75、125、175、225 mg·株~(-1))和2种灌溉方式(上方喷灌(O)、底部渗灌(S)),测定栓皮栎容器苗形态指标、养分含量、根系生长、基质EC值及连续2年造林效果。[结果]表明:(1)施肥量和灌溉方式二者对苗木形态指标影响存在交互效应,225-O处理的苗木地径、根生物量、单株生物量最大,但根生物量、单株生物量在225-O、125-S、175-O处理之间差异不显著。225-S处理的苗高、茎生物量、茎根比最大,茎生物量在225-S与225-O之间差异不显著。(2)苗木茎、根的氮磷钾浓度和含量随施肥量的增加而增大,施肥量125、175、225 mg·株~(-1)处理之间的根氮、磷含量及单株磷含量差异不显著。(3)增加施肥量促进苗木根系的生长,施肥量为125、175、225 mg·株~(-1)处理之间的根系表面积、体积差异不显著。(4)基质EC值随施肥量的增加而增大,底部渗灌显著提高了基质上层、下层的EC值,基质上层、下层的最大EC值分别为4. 69、0. 56d S·m-1,没有对苗木生长产生不利影响。(5)和上方喷灌相比,底部渗灌显著地促进造林第1年幼树的树高、地径生长;造林第1年、第2年的树高和地径均随施肥量的增加而增大,造林第2年,施肥量125、175、225 mg·株~(-1)处理之间的树高、地径差异不显著。[结论]底部渗灌提高了栓皮栎容器苗体内的养分含量,促进了造林第1年幼树树高、地径的生长。施加控释肥有利于苗期苗木质量的提高及造林后苗木的快速生长。综合考虑苗木质量、经济效益、环境利益,培育栓皮栎容器苗可选择底部渗灌和控释肥量为125 mg·株~(-1)的组合(以N元素含量为基准)。     

Production and establishment techniques for the restoration of Nothofagus alessandrii,an endangered keystone species in a Mediterranean forest

Ruil (Nothofagus alessandrii) is an endangered keystone species from the Mediterranean climate zone of Chile. Ruil’s fragile state of conservation urges development of restoration programs, but specific protocols for nursery production and field establishment that ensure plant survival are largely unknown. Therefore, we examined the effect on nitrogen (N) fertilization and container size during nursery production in combination with the use of mesh shelters after outplanting on survival and growth during the first growing season in the field. First year outplanting survival of nursery-grown container seedlings was enhanced when seedlings were given nitrogen (N) during nursery production and deployed with mesh tree shelters in the field. The volume of the container had no effect on outplanting survival and growth. Increasing N from zero to 200 mg N L^?1 provided sufficient N levels, resulting in increased seedling height, root-collar diameter, shoot biomass, and total seedling N and phosphorous concentrations. Additional N provided by the 400 and 600 mg N L^?1 treatments underwent luxury consumption by the seedlings with no further benefits in field performance. Improved growth in the nursery, along with the use of mesh tree shelters after outplanting, especially during the typical summer drought, may be responsible for increased survival during the first growing season. Increasing the performance of nursery-grown ruil seedlings is essential to restoring this endangered, vulnerable, and foundation species within the highly biodiverse, yet seriously threatened endemic Maulino Costero Forest of the Mediterranean climate of central Chile.

     

Prediction of planted seedling survival of five Mediterranean species based on initial seedling morphology

Field performance can be predicted by evaluating nursery stock quality, but optimal morphological variables for use in these assessments may vary by species especially under dry Mediterranean conditions. Our objective was to identify initial seedling morphological characteristics that successfully predict field performance of five Mediterranean species (Pinus halepensis, Quercus ilex, Quercus coccifera, Ceratonia silqua and Pistacia lentiscus). Container seedling morphology was evaluated following the nursery phase, and then seedlings were outplanted in the field where field survival was monitored for two successive years. Results indicate that survival can successfully be predicted from seedling initial morphological characteristics for all these species, yet not all the initial characteristics were good predictors. Survival of P. halepensis and Pist. lentiscus seedlings was positively correlated to initial seedling root-collar diameter, total dry weight and Dickson’s quality index, and can be reliably predicted by these variables. In contrast, seedling field survival of the two Mediterranean evergreen oak species was correlated with few initial morphological attributes; initial diameter provided an accurate index to predict second-year outplanting survival for both species while height/diameter was a good survival predictor for Q. coccifera seedlings. For C. siliqua seedlings, seedlings with larger initial diameter and total biomass survive better in the field. Thus, diameter was the common variable that accurately predicted survival for all species, which should be >5 mm for P. halepensis seedlings and >7 mm for the remaining species.     

The effect of carbon and nutrient loading during nursery culture on the growth of black spruce seedlings: a six-year field study

We tested the effects of exponential nutrient loading and springtime carbon loading during nursery culture on the field performance of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.). Seedlings were grown from seed with a conventional, fixed dose fertilizer (10 mg N seedling⁻¹) or an exponential nutrient loading regime (75 mg N seedling⁻¹). The following spring, seedlings were exposed for two weeks to either ambient (370 ppm) or elevated levels of CO₂ (800 ppm) and then planted in the field; seedling growth was followed for the next six years. Exponential nutrient loading increased seedling height, stem diameter and leader growth, with the largest increases in height and leader length occurring in the first three years after outplanting. Carbon loading increased seedling height and leader length, but only in seedlings that had been exponentially nutrient loaded. A combination of carbon and nutrient loading increased shoot height 26%, stem diameter 37% and leader length 40% over trees that received neither treatment. These results demonstrate that the growth enhancement seen under exponential nutrient loading is maintained under field conditions for at least six years. Carbon loading just before outplanting was a useful supplement to nutrient loading, but was ineffective in the absence of nutrient loading.     

Effects of Seedbed Density on One-Year-Old <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fraxinus angustifolia</Emphasis> Seedling Characteristics and Outplanting Performance

To assess the effects of seedling spacing on one-year-old seedling morphology in the nursery, seeds of three provenances of Fraxinus angustifolia were sown at five different seedling spacings within rows of two different spacings in the seedbed. Subsequent growth performance of one-year-old seedlings was assessed by planting in the forest. Within row spacings were: 4.3, 5.0, 6.3, 8.3, and 12.5 cm, and there were five rows at 20 cm apart, or three rows at 33 cm apart across the 1.2 m wide seedbeds. Both spacings within and between rows significantly affected shoot height, root collar diameter, root dry weight and shoot dry weight, but not root/shoot ratio. Wider spacings produced larger seedlings, but only the wider spacing within rows significantly increased fine and coarse root mass. Provenances showed significant differences in diameter, root/shoot ratio, and fine and coarse roots, and they also showed interactions with row spacings in height and diameter measurements. One year after outplanting, diameter growth was significantly related to provenance, and diameter growth was 88% greater for trees from 33 cm nursery row spacing than those from 20 cm nursery row spacing.     

棕榈藤组培苗根的诱导研究

地短叶省藤、黄藤和单叶省藤组培苗根的诱导进行了研究,结果表明：ＮＡＡ含量高低对丛芽苗的生根与否及根系生长起决定生作用。蔗糖浓度不影响芽苗的生根与否,但影响出根快慢、出根条数和根系的生长。ＮＡＡ也在单苗根的诱导中直主导作用但再附加一定量的ＩＢＡ有利于攻苗生根培养基的优化组合为：ＮＡＡ１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＩＢＡ２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ＋大量元素０．３３ｍｓ＋蔗糖２０．０ｇ／Ｌ。在优化后的生根培养基上诱导一次６０ｄ,     

Container volume and subirrigation schedule influence Quercus variabilis seedling growth and nutrient status in the nursery and field

Container volume and irrigation management affect seedling growth in the nursery and field. We evaluated the effects of container volumes (D40, 656?ml; D60, 983?ml) and subirrigation schedules (85%, 75%, 65%, and 55% of 100% total substrate moisture content, TSMC) on seedling growth in a greenhouse and outplanting performance of Chinese cork oak (Quercus variabilis Blume) for one growing season. In the greenhouse, morphological attributes of seedlings grown at 85% and 75% TSMC in D60 were greater than those grown at 65% and 55% TSMC in D40. After outplanting, seedlings grown at 75% TSMC in D60 were tallest but not different than those grown at 65% TSMC. Shoot (9.2?g), root (28.0?g), and total (37.2?g) biomass of seedlings subirrigated at 55% TSMC in D60 reached maximum values, but shoot biomass for seedlings grown at either 65% or 55% TSMC was similar. Root and total N and K contents of seedlings subirrigated at 65% and 55% TSMC were greater than those grown at 85% and 75% TSMC. Our results suggest that reducing the subirrigation schedule threshold and using a container with more volume could improve oak seedling growth and nutrient accumulation during the first growing season of outplanting.     

Carbohydrate reserves in Pinus sylvestris seedling needles as an attribute of seedling vigor

The carbohydrate reserve of bareroot Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings was evaluated as means of describing seedling quality and capacity to withstand stress during nursery lifting, outplanting and acclimatization at the planting site. Carbohydrate concentrations in needles were followed through four spring storage treatments and the postplanting success and growth of seedlings monitored at two sites. The reduction in total glucose concentration in needles was affected by storage time and temperature. Depletion of carbohydrate reserves decreased needle growth, reduced the number of terminal buds, disturbed leader shoot formation, and consequently reduced shoot length. The depletion of reserves below a threshold concentration of ～2 % total glucose during storage resulted in significant seedling mortality. A simple model for estimating the depletion of carbohydrate reserves based on dark respiration was evaluated as a measure of the accumulated strain during the storage. The application of carbohydrate analyses as a routine test of seedling quality in a nursery is not currently feasible because of the insensitivity and laboriousness of the method.     

米槁实生苗苗木分级研究

对苗圃内生长1年的米槁实生苗进行出圃前的质量调查,在调查精度为95%的基础上,分析了影响米槁苗木质量的相关因子。以苗高、地径为分级指标,运用SPSS17.0软件进行聚类分析得出米槁实生苗苗木分级标准,Ⅰ级苗为D≥0.83cm、H≥87.6cm,Ⅱ级苗为0.83cm≥D≥0.57cm、87.6cm≥H≥76.4cm,Ⅲ级苗为D0.57cm、H76.4cm。为米槁苗木生产中的质量判别和分级拣选提供了科学的依据。