Proliferating cells express mRNAs with shortened 3' untranslated regions and fewer microRNA target sites

Messenger RNA (mRNA) stability, localization, and translation are largely determined by sequences in the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR). We found a conserved increase in expression of mRNAs terminating at upstream polyadenylation sites after activation of primary murine CD4+ T lymphocytes. This program, resulting in shorter 3'UTRs, is a characteristic of gene expression during immune cell activation and correlates with proliferation across diverse cell types and tissues. Forced expression of full-length 3'UTRs conferred reduced protein expression. In some cases the reduction in protein expression could be reversed by deletion of predicted microRNA target sites in the variably included region. Our data indicate that gene expression is coordinately regulated, such that states of increased proliferation are associated with widespread reductions in the 3'UTR-based regulatory capacity of mRNAs.     

Activation of the HIV-1 LTR by T cell mitogens and the trans-activator protein of HTLV-I

To investigate the mechanism by which immune activation augments replication of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in infected T cells, four different classes of T cell mitogens were evaluated for their effects on the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR). Phytohemagglutinin (PHA), a mitogenic lectin; phorbol 12-myristic 13-acetate, a tumor promoter; ionomycin, a calcium ionophore; and tat-1, the trans-activator protein from the human T cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type I (HTLV-I) each stimulated the HIV-1 LTR. Studies of deleted forms of the LTR supported a central role in these responses for the HIV-1 enhancer, which alone was sufficient for mitogen inducibility, but also suggested that other 5' positive and negative regulatory elements contribute to the overall magnitude of the response. Synergistic activation of the HIV-1 LTR (up to several thousandfold) was observed with combinations of these mitogens and the HIV-1--derived tat-III protein. Cyclosporin A, an immunosuppressive agent, inhibited PHA-mediated activation of the HIV-1 LTR but was without effect in the presence of other mitogens. Thus, HIV-1 gene expression and replication appear to be regulated, via the HIV-1 LTR, by the same mitogenic signals that induce T cell activation.     

虹鳟PDCD6基因cDNA全长的克隆与功能预测

程序性死亡因子6（PDCD6）基因编码1个含EF-hand结构域的钙离子结合蛋白。应用逆转录PCR及cDNA末端快速扩增（RACE）技术从虹鳟（Oncorhynchus mykiss）脑组织中克隆了PDCD6基因cDNA的全序列（GenBank No：FJ591154）。序列全长1 179bp,其中5’端非翻译区长48bp,3’端非翻译区长567bp,开放性阅读框长564bp,编码187个氨基酸。电子表达谱分析结果表明该基因在4种脊椎动物的多个部位或组织中均有表达。同源模建蛋白三级结构显示该蛋白具有8个主要的α螺旋结构。虹鳟PDCD6蛋白序列与斑马鱼、非洲爪蟾、人、小鼠和鸡的同源性均高于85%,表明PDCD6基因在进化过程中是高度保守的,在细胞程序性死亡过程中发挥重要作用。     

猪PDCD5基因的克隆与真核表达

用RT-PCR方法从猪肝组织中扩增出猪PDCD5(programmed cell death 5)编码序列,TA克隆至pMD-19T载体中,软件分析猪PDCD5基因的核算序列和蛋白序列,进行染色体定位.构建真核表达载体,将PDCD5基因编码区序列插入绿色荧光蛋白报告基因的真核表达载体pEGFP-C1中.通过脂质体转染法将重组载体瞬转入猪脐静脉血管内皮细胞系(SUVECs)进行瞬时表达.结果表明:该序列编码125个氨基酸,猪PDCD5基因定位于猪6号染色体,含有6个外显子,与人PDCD5基因高度同源.双酶切鉴定和测序表明:重组真核表达载体构建成功,荧光检测和Western blot检测显示PDCD5融合蛋白表达.研究结果为探讨猪PDCD5基因在细胞凋亡调控中的功能提供了基础数据.     

Human endothelial cell growth factor: cloning, nucleotide sequence, and chromosome localization

Several of the endothelial cell polypeptide mitogens that have been described probably play a role in blood vessel homeostasis. Two overlapping complementary DNA clones encoding human endothelial cell growth factor (ECGF) were isolated from a human brain stem complementary DNA library. Southern blot analysis suggested that there is a single copy of the ECGF gene and that it maps to human chromosome 5 at bands 5q31.3 to 33.2 A 4.8-kilobase messenger RNA was present in human brain stem messenger RNA. The complete amino acid sequence of human ECGF was deduced from the nucleic acid sequence of these clones; it encompasses all the well-characterized acidic endothelial cell polypeptide mitogens described by several laboratories. The ECGF-encoding open reading frame is flanked by translation stop codons and provides no signal peptide or internal hydrophobic domain for the secretion of ECGF. This property is shared by human interleukin-1, which is approximately 30 percent homologous to ECGF.     

白羽王鸽卵清蛋白关联蛋白Y基因(OVALY)克隆与生物信息学分析

旨在获得白羽王鸽(Columba livia)卵清蛋白关联蛋白Y基因(OVALY)的cDNA序列,并进行生物信息分析。研究结果显示:OVALY基因cDNA全长为2 068 bp,其中5'非编码区序列180 bp,3'非编码区序列720 bp,开放阅读框1 164 bp,编码的蛋白分子量约44.19 ku,含氨基酸残基388个(GenBank∶KX230792);与NCBI数据库中朱鹮(Nipponianippon)OVALY基因序列同源性最高(81%),与白尾鹰(Haliaeetusalbicilla)和沙鸡(Pteroclesgutturalis)OVALY基因序列的同源性分别为80%和79%。经潜在糖基化位点和磷酸化位点预测分析发现,OVALY蛋白结构中潜在糖基化位点和磷酸化位点分别为4个和22个;经CDD(conserved domain database)数据库分析发现,OVALY蛋白具有丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂家族的反应中心区域,属于丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂超家族。     

非洲猪瘟病毒MGF110-5L-6L蛋白诱导宿主细胞翻译阻滞和应激颗粒形成的作用机制

【背景】非洲猪瘟（African swine fever,ASF）是由非洲猪瘟病毒（African swine fever virus,ASFV）感染引发的一种猪烈性传染病,是全球公认的养猪业“头号杀手”,至今尚无安全有效的疫苗和药物。病毒作为专性细胞内寄生物,必须通过“劫持”宿主翻译系统为病毒蛋白合成服务。其中翻译起始因子eIF2α作为翻译调控的核心节点,控制细胞应激反应和翻译重编程走向,对病毒毒力、嗜性、致病性及免疫逃逸等具有重要影响,eIF2α磷酸化调控无疑是病毒与宿主细胞竞争翻译资源的重要阵地之一。然而,关于ASFV编码蛋白与eIF2α磷酸化作用关系的认知极度匮乏。【目的】探究非洲猪瘟病毒MGF110-5L-6L蛋白对宿主细胞翻译阻滞和促进应激颗粒形成的作用机制,为深入揭示非洲猪瘟病毒的致病机制研究提供科学依据。【方法】在前期利用荧光素酶报告基因载体和绿色荧光报告载体,筛选发现外源表达MGF110-5L-6L极显著上调eIF2α磷酸化水平的基础上。选择猪肺泡巨噬细胞3D4/21和猪肾细胞PK-15作为研究用细胞系,利用质粒转染和特异性化学药物处理等方法,结合免疫印迹和激光共聚焦...     

靶向猪内质网应激通路的microRNAs预测与验证

【目的】预测并验证靶向猪内质网应激通路中关键基因的microRNAs（miRNAs）,为进一步研究miRNAs对猪内质网应激信号通路调控提供理论基础。【方法】首先利用伪狂犬病毒（PRV）感染猪肾上皮（PK15）细胞,高通量测序检测差异表达的miRNAs。然后通过TargetScan预测靶向内质网应激通路关键基因ATF6、IRE1、PERK、GRP78、XBP1的miRNAs。构建含有候选miRNAs作用位点的双荧光素酶报告基因重组载体,并分别与miRNA-mimics共转染幼仓鼠肾（BHK-21）细胞,通过测定荧光素酶活性来验证内质网应激通路关键基因与候选miRNAs的靶标关系。然后在PK15细胞中分别过表达候选miRNAs,利用qRT-PCR和Western blot检测候选miRNAs对内质网应激通路关键基因mRNA和蛋白表达的影响。【结果】miRNA测序结果显示,PRV感染后共引起35条miRNAs差异表达。TargetScan预测显示,靶向ATF6、IRE1、PERK、GRP78、XBP1的交集miRNAs为miR-142-5p、miR-145-5p、miR-150和miR-199a-5p,并将这些交集miRNAs作为候选miRNAs。随后成功构建psiCHECK-2-ATF6-m142-3′UTR、psiCHECK-2-ATF6-m145-3′UTR、psiCHECK-2-ATF6-m150-3′UTR、psiCHECK-2-ATF6-m199-3′UTR、psiCHECK-2-IRE1- m150-3′UTR、psiCHECK-2-IRE1-m142/145/199-3′UTR、psiCHECK-2-PERK-m145/150-3′UTR、psiCHECK- 2-XBP1-m142/ 145/150/199-3′UTR、psiCHECK-2-GRP78-m145/199-3′UTR双荧光素酶报告基因载体。双荧光素酶检测结果显示,miR-142-5p显著抑制psiCHECK-2-ATF6-m142-3′UTR荧光素酶活性。psiCHECK-2-IRE1-m142/145/199-3′UTR分别与miR-142-5p mimics、miR-145-5p mimics、miR-199a-5p mimics共转染,以及psiCHECK-2-XBP1-m142/145/ 150/199-3′UTR分别与miR-142-5p mimics、miR-199a-5p mimics共转染,过表达组的荧光素酶活性均极显著低于阴性对照组。同时miR-145-5p能够显著抑制psiCHECK-2-PERK-m145/ 150-3′UTR荧光素酶活性。这些结果表明miR-142-5p、miR-145-5p和miR-199a-5p均有可能分别靶向ATF6、IRE1、XBP1,而其中miR-142-5p可能同时靶向这三个关键基因调控内质网信号通路。通过qRT- PCR和Western blot分析发现,过表达miR-142-5p后显著抑制ATF6的mRNA和蛋白表达,表明miR- 142-5p靶向ATF6参与调控内质网应激信号通路。【结论】验证了靶向内质网应激通路关键基因ATF6的miRNA- miR-142-5p,为进一步研究miR-142-5p通过调控ATF6的表达而影响内质网应激信号通路奠定了基础。     

鸡卵泡膜细胞中膜联蛋白A2互作细胞蛋白的筛选及其功能分析

【目的】从鸡卵泡膜细胞蛋白中筛选和鉴定与膜联蛋白A2（ANXA2）相互作用的细胞蛋白并进行功能分析,为深入研究ANXA2调控鸡卵泡发育的作用机制提供理论依据。【方法】制备开产后30周龄贵州黄鸡的卵泡膜细胞,提取卵泡膜总蛋白后利用His Pull-Down联合质谱技术（LC-MS/MS）从卵泡膜细胞中筛选出与鸡ANXA2互作的细胞蛋白,然后通过GO数据库和KEEG数据库分别进行GO功能富集分析及KEEG信号通路注释分析,并利用STRING Version 11.0绘制蛋白互作网络图。【结果】通过His Pull-Down联合LC-MS/MS共鉴定获得41个鸡ANXA2互作细胞蛋白,GO功能富集分析发现这些互作细胞蛋白在分子功能、生物学进程和细胞组成均发挥作用。其中,在分子功能方面主要涉及蛋白结合（占58.06%）、催化活性（占19.35%）、核糖体结构（占16.13%）及细胞骨架结构组成（占6.45%）,在生物学进程方面主要参与细胞骨架（占19.35%）、刺激反应（占19.35%）、翻译（占16.13%）、代谢过程（占12.90%）、细胞迁移（占12.90%）、蛋白折叠（占9.68%）和蛋白运输（占9.68%）,而细胞组分显示以定位于细胞膜的蛋白为主（占32.26%）。鸡ANXA2蛋白互作细胞蛋白参与的KEEG信号通路主要有应激反应、代谢、翻译、信号转导、免疫系统和蛋白定位等。鸡ANXA2互作细胞蛋白互作网络可分为3条,即CNN2-FN1-MYH9-MYH10-ACTN1-CSRP1、ANXA1-ANXA2-ENO1-PRDX4-GPI-ATP5B-PRDX3-HSPA8-TUBB2A和CCT7-CCT4-GNB2L1-ATP5A1-RPS3-RPS3A-RPL23A-RPL22-RPS7;互作细胞蛋白间存在复杂的互作关系,其中又以膜联蛋白A1（ANXA1）与烯醇化酶-1（ENO1）及ANXA2的互作关系最明显。【结论】鸡ANXA2互作细胞蛋白主要参与细胞骨架形成、应对刺激和翻译等生物学过程,涉及应激反应、代谢、翻译、信号转导、免疫及蛋白定位等信号通路。其中,PRDX3、PRDX4、MYH9和TCSC可能通过与ANXA2蛋白相互作用而参与鸡卵巢相关疾病的发生,而ANXA1与ANXA2相互作用可能在鸡卵泡的发育及排卵过程中发挥重要调节作用。     

Pertussis toxin-sensitive pathway in the stimulation of c-myc expression and DNA synthesis by bombesin

The bombesin-like peptides are potent mitogens for Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts, human bronchial epithelial cells, and cells isolated from small cell carcinoma of the lung. The mechanism of signal transduction in the proliferative response to bombesin was investigated by studying the effect of Bordetella pertussis toxin on bombesin-stimulated mitogenesis. At nanomolar concentrations, bombesin increased levels of c-myc messenger RNA and stimulated DNA synthesis in Swiss 3T3 cells. Treatment of the cells with pertussis toxin (5 nanograms per milliliter) completely blocked bombesin-enhanced c-myc expression and eliminated bombesin-stimulated DNA synthesis. This treatment had essentially no effect on the mitogenic responses to either platelet-derived growth factor or phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate. These results suggest that the mitogenic actions of bombesin-like growth factors are mediated through a pertussis toxin-sensitive guanine nucleotide-binding protein. Furthermore they indicate that bombesin-like growth factors act through pathways that are different from those activated by platelet-derived growth factor.     

真核细胞翻译起始因子5A(eIF5A)研究进展

真核细胞翻译起始因子5A(eIF5A)是真菌、动植物体内普遍存在的蛋白质翻译起始因子。研究发现其不仅仅在部分蛋白质翻译起始中发挥作用,还在人体癌症发生、促进动植物细胞增殖、细胞衰老和死亡以及一些植物环境胁迫应答等方面都有一定的调控作用。进一步研究真核细胞翻译起始因子5A(eIF5A)的功能,对其生产实践中应用具有非常重要的意义。     

Inhibition of antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation by Tat protein from HIV-1

The purified human immunodeficiency virus type-l (HIV-l) Tat protein inhibited lymphocyte proliferation induced by tetanus toxoid or Candida antigens by 66 to 97% at nanomolar concentrations of Tat. In contrast, Tat did not cause a significant reduction of lymphocyte proliferation in response to mitogens such as phytohemagglutinin or pokeweed mitogen. Inhibition was blocked by oxidation of the cysteine-rich region of Tat or by incubation with an antibody to Tat before the assay. A synthetic Tat peptide (residues 1 to 58) also inhibited antigen-stimulated proliferation. Experiments with H9 and U937 cell lines showed that Tat can easily enter both lymphocytes and monocytes. The specific inhibition of antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation by Tat mimics the effect seen with lymphocytes from HIV-infected individuals and suggests that Tat might directly contribute to the immunosuppression associated with HIV infection.     

蛋白质翻译起始因子的作用与调控

 蛋白质翻译起始因子是一类在真核细胞中蛋白质翻译所必需的、保证正确的mRNA－核糖体复合物形成的蛋白质,已知的起始因子共有12种,在真核细胞翻译起始阶段有重要作用。蛋白质合成的调节主要通过翻译起始因子的磷酸化进行。真核细胞蛋白质翻译最重要的调节位点是翻译起始因子eIF 2和eIF 4。本文主要综述了近年来关于蛋白质翻译起始因子的作用及调控的最新研究进展     

菊花翻译起始因子4E基因的克隆、 表达分析及其互作蛋白的筛选

【目的】为了研究翻译起始因子4E在菊花中的表达特性及功能,克隆菊花翻译起始因子4E（CmeIF4E）基因,分析其表达特性并初步筛选得到菊花CmeIF4E的互作蛋白。【方法】根据已报道植物的eIF4E序列设计引物,采用RT-PCR和RACE技术克隆菊花eIF4E基因,荧光定量PCR及亚细胞定位分析菊花CmeIF4E的表达特性,并用酵母双杂交系统筛选其互作蛋白。【结果】克隆获得菊花eIF4E基因全长914 bp,其开放阅读框（ORF）654 bp,编码1条包含218个氨基酸残基的多肽,将该基因名为CmeIF4E,GenBank登录号为JQ904591。氨基酸序列比对和系统进化分析表明,菊花CmeIF4E与已报道的莴苣的同源基因亲缘关系最近,该结果与植物分类学相符。荧光定量PCR分析结果显示,CmeIF4E基因在切花菊‘神马’各个器官中均有表达,幼嫩的根中表达量最高,其次是叶片,而茎中表达量最低。亚细胞定位分析发现,CmeIF4E在细胞的核、质、膜上都有表达。筛选得到菊花CmeIF4E互作蛋白,其中包括蛋白翻译和翻译后修饰、光合作用、抗逆和防御等相关蛋白。【结论】CmeIF4E在菊花组织中为组成型表达,亚细胞定位显示其在细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜上都有表达。候选蛋白分析验证了CmeIF4E在翻译起始中的作用,还推测其可能与光合系统、植物的抗逆防御相关,结果为进一步研究该蛋白在菊花中的作用提供了重要依据。     

Translation initiation and ribosomal biogenesis: involvement of a putative rRNA helicase and RPL46

Cold-sensitive mutations in the SPB genes (spb1-spb7) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae suppress the inhibition of translation initiation resulting from deletion of the poly(A)-binding protein gene (PAB1). The SPB4 protein belongs to a family of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent RNA helicases. The aberrant production of 25S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) occurring in spb4-1 mutants or the deletion of SPB2 (RPL46) permits the deletion of PAB1. These data suggest that mutations affecting different steps of 60S subunit formation can allow PAB-independent translation, and they indicate that further characterization of the spb mutations could lend insight into the biogenesis of the ribosome.     

miR-423-5p在牛肌肉组织中表达及其靶基因预测

miR-423-5p在细胞中具有重要的生物学功能,如在肌细胞中能影响细胞的增殖。根据miRBase及NCBI网站显示的相关信息利用分析软件对miR-423在各物种之间的同源性进行了分析。取成年西门塔尔牛体内的骨骼肌、小肠、心脏组织利用茎环荧光定量PCR进行miR-423-5p表达量检测,将牛骨骼肌卫星细胞(MDSCs)分化处理不同时长后进行检测;最后通过在线软件(TargetScan、PicTar)预测其可能结合的靶基因。结果表明,miR-423-5p在各物种间具有较高的同源性,在骨骼肌中表达量明显高于其他组织。在MDSCs中,随着细胞分化时间的延长,miR-423-5p表达量逐渐升高。miR-423-5p在12个基因mRNA的3'-UTR上含有潜在的结合位点,其中部分靶基因参与细胞的增殖、分化和凋亡。结果提示,miR-423-5p可能参与细胞的生长代谢,调节细胞的增殖与分化。     

Quercetin Increased Protein Utilization and Decreased Nitrogen Excretion in Broilers by Activating TOR Signaling Pathway

The study was conducted to investigate the effect and mechanism of dietary quercetin supplementation on protein utilization of Arbor Acres (AA) broilers.A total of 240 1-day-old AA broilers were randomly allocated to four treatments with six replicates,comprising 10 broilers each replicate (60 broilers per treatment).Birds were fed either a corn-soybean meal basal diet without quercetin (control) or a basal diet supplemented with 0.2,0.4 or 0.6 g of quercetin per kg feed,and the trial lasted 42 days.Dietary quercetin supplementation tended to increase the apparent metabolic rate of protein (p=0.076) and the content of serum albumin (p=0.062) in AA broilers.Compared with the control,dietary quercetin supplementation increased the contents of protein in breast muscle (p0.05) and in thigh muscle (p=0.053).In addition,quercetin up-regulated mRNA expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1),phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K),target of rapamycin (TOR),ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1),eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E),eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G (eIF4G),eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B (eIF4B) genes and down-regulated mRNA expression of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase (eEF2K) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein1 (4E-BP1) genes in breast muscle,thigh muscle and liver of AA broilers (p0.05).The present results suggested that dietary quercetin supplementation enhanced protein utilization in broilers by activating TOR signaling pathway.