饲料中浒苔添加量以及处理方法对幼刺参生长、消化率、消化酶和非特异性免疫酶的影响

采用单因素实验设计,先配制6种浒苔含量(0、5％、10％、15％、20％和25％)饲料饲养初始体质量(1.44±0.01)g幼刺参49 d,然后根据浒苔含量实验结果配制20％含量、3种方法处理的浒苔[干燥粉碎(DC)、纤维素酶酶解后干燥粉碎(DCC)和蛋白酶酶解后干燥粉碎(DCP)]饲料饲养初始体质量(4.58 ±0.23)g幼刺参60 d,以研究饲料中浒苔添加量以及处理方式对幼刺参生长、消化率、消化酶和非特异性免疫酶的影响.实验每组饲料设3个重复,每个重复饲喂35头刺参.结果显示:(1)浒苔对提高刺参特定生长率(SGR)、肠道淀粉酶(AMS)活性和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和降低饲料系数(FCR)有显著作用(P＜0.05),其中20％浒苔含量最好,浒苔能显著降低饲料干物质表观消化率(ADCd)和粗蛋白质表观消化率(ADCp)(P＜0.05),对刺参摄食率(FI)、成活率(SR)、肠道胃蛋白酶(PP)活性和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)无显著性影响(P＞0.05).(2)3种方法处理的浒苔中,DCC和DCP浒苔对提高刺参SGR、ADCd、ADCp、肠道AMS、PP、SOD和ACP活性和降低FCR有显著作用(P＜0.05),其中DCC浒苔最好,3种方法处理的浒苔对刺参FI和SR亦无显著性影响(P＞0.05).在本实验条件下,幼刺参饲料中浒苔适宜含量为20％;纤维素酶酶解后干燥粉碎浒苔是一个理想的浒苔处理方法.     

不同浒苔型饲料对幼刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)生长、消化及非特异性免疫的影响

以浒苔、石莼、豆粕、扇贝边、葡萄糖、贝壳粉、维生素和矿物质预混料为原料配制刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)饲料,利用酿酒酵母菌菌液和碱性蛋白酶制剂对刺参饲料进行4种不同的处理,得到5组实验用饲料,分别为对照组、发酵组、酶解组、复合组和鲜浒苔组.将上述饲料饲喂初始体重为(1.92-0.02)g的幼刺参42 d,每种饲料设3个重复,每个重复30头幼刺参.结果显示,不同的浒苔型饲料对幼刺参的存活率(SR)、增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料系数(FC)有显著影响(P＜0.05),而对其脏壁比(R)无显著性影响(P＞0.05).复合组和鲜浒苔组SR要显著高于酶解组(P＜0.05),而与其他2组均无显著性差异(P＞0.05).鲜浒苔组WGR远高于其他各组(P＜0.05),而复合组和发酵组WGR显著高于酶解组(P＜0.05),与对照组差异不显著(P＞0.05).幼刺参的SGR规律与WGR一致.鲜浒苔组FC显著低于对照组、发酵组和酶解组(P＜0.05),与复合组差异不显著(P＞0.05).随着摄食饲料时间的推移,对照组、发酵组、复合组和鲜浒苔组淀粉酶(AMS)活力先升高再下降后趋于稳定,而酶解组一直呈现下降趋势.酶解组纤维素酶(Cellulase)活力呈现一直下降的趋势,而其他组呈现波动变化,且均高于初始活力值.随着摄食饲料时间的推移,除酶解组外,其余各组胰蛋白酶(TRY)活力前后时间点变化差异不大,且每个采样点幼刺参TRY活力大小顺序始终是对照组＞复合组＞鲜浒苔组＞发酵组＞酶解组.不同浒苔型饲料饲喂的幼刺参体腔液中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力均有显著性差异(P＜0.05).鲜浒苔组ACP活力最大,且与复合组无显著性差异(P＞0.05),而显著高于其他3组(P＜0.05).鲜浒苔组和复合组AKP活力显著高于酶解组和对照组(P＜0.05),与发酵组无显著性差异(P＞0.05).复合组SOD活力最大,且显著高于发酵组和酶解组(P＜0.05),而与对照组和鲜浒苔组均无显著性差异(P＞0.05).由此得出,幼刺参在摄食先酶解后发酵的饲料后能够得到良好的生长效果,并可改善自身肠道消化,维持正常免疫.这为解决刺参饲料原料短缺以及浒苔高值化利用提供了依据和方法.     

饲料中添加浒苔对仿刺参幼参生长、消化酶活性和免疫力的影响

在水温17~18℃和盐度30条件下,将初始体质量为(4.09±0.26)g的仿刺参饲养在15个循环水玻璃缸(容积100L)中,投喂在基础饲料中添加0%、3%、6%、9%和12%浒苔的饲料,于投喂后第7、14、28d和42d分别检测仿刺参的生长指标、消化酶(蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶和褐藻酸酶)和体腔液免疫酶(溶菌酶、酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶和超氧化物歧化酶)的活性。试验结果表明,投喂试验饲料后第14、28d和42d:(1)饲料中添加6%和9%浒苔组仿刺参的特定生长率显著增加(P0.05),在不同取样时间其他添加组仿刺参的的特定生长率与对照组差异不显著(P0.05);(2)饲料中浒苔添加量为6%和9%试验组仿刺参的4种消化酶比活力显著高于对照组(P0.05),其中6%组仿刺参的消化酶比活力最高;(3)饲料中浒苔添加量为6%时,仿刺参溶菌酶活力显著高于对照组及其他试验组(P0.05);饲料中浒苔添加量为6%和9%时,仿刺参碱性磷酸酶活力和超氧化物歧化酶活力显著高于对照组及其他试验组(P0.05);添加浒苔可以显著提高酸性磷酸酶活力,至第42d,试验组酸性磷酸酶活力高于对照组(P0.05),且浒苔添加量为6%时活力最高。在本试验条件下,饲料中添加浒苔可以提高仿刺参的特定生长率、消化酶活力及免疫力,浒苔的最适添加量为6%~9%。     

不同浒苔型饲料对幼刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)生长、消化及非特异性免疫的影响

以浒苔、石莼、豆粕、扇贝边、葡萄糖、贝壳粉、维生素和矿物质预混料为原料配制刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)饲料,利用酿酒酵母菌菌液和碱性蛋白酶制剂对刺参饲料进行4种不同的处理,得到5组实验用饲料,分别为对照组、发酵组、酶解组、复合组和鲜浒苔组。将上述饲料饲喂初始体重为(1.92±0.02)g的幼刺参42 d,每种饲料设3个重复,每个重复30头幼刺参。结果显示,不同的浒苔型饲料对幼刺参的存活率(SR)、增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料系数(FC)有显著影响(P0.05),而对其脏壁比(R)无显著性影响(P0.05)。复合组和鲜浒苔组SR要显著高于酶解组(P0.05),而与其他2组均无显著性差异(P0.05)。鲜浒苔组WGR远高于其他各组(P0.05),而复合组和发酵组WGR显著高于酶解组(P0.05),与对照组差异不显著(P0.05)。幼刺参的SGR规律与WGR一致。鲜浒苔组FC显著低于对照组、发酵组和酶解组(P0.05),与复合组差异不显著(P0.05)。随着摄食饲料时间的推移,对照组、发酵组、复合组和鲜浒苔组淀粉酶(AMS)活力先升高再下降后趋于稳定,而酶解组一直呈现下降趋势。酶解组纤维素酶(Cellulase)活力呈现一直下降的趋势,而其他组呈现波动变化,且均高于初始活力值。随着摄食饲料时间的推移,除酶解组外,其余各组胰蛋白酶(TRY)活力前后时间点变化差异不大,且每个采样点幼刺参TRY活力大小顺序始终是对照组复合组鲜浒苔组发酵组酶解组。不同浒苔型饲料饲喂的幼刺参体腔液中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力均有显著性差异(P0.05)。鲜浒苔组ACP活力最大,且与复合组无显著性差异(P0.05),而显著高于其他3组(P0.05)。鲜浒苔组和复合组AKP活力显著高于酶解组和对照组(P0.05),与发酵组无显著性差异(P0.05)。复合组SOD活力最大,且显著高于发酵组和酶解组(P0.05),而与对照组和鲜浒苔组均无显著性差异(P0.05)。由此得出,幼刺参在摄食先酶解后发酵的饲料后能够得到良好的生长效果,并可改善自身肠道消化,维持正常免疫。这为解决刺参饲料原料短缺以及浒苔高值化利用提供了依据和方法。     

几种饲料原料对刺参幼参生长和体成分的影响

研究了不同饲料原料对刺参Apostichopus japonicus(Selenka)幼参生长和体成分的影响.实验采用鱼粉、鼠尾藻Sargassum thunbergii Kuntze、浒苔Enteromorpha prolifera、海带Laminaria japonica和海泥5种主要原料配制的饲料投喂体长为4.18±0.23cm、体重为5.99±0.26g的刺参幼参,进行了为期80d的养殖实验.实验结束时,投喂鼠尾藻饲料、浒苔饲料和动物性饲料的刺参特定生长率(SGR)分别为95.36%/d、92.29%/d和84.87%/d.这三者之间无显著差异,但生长效果要好于投喂海带饲料和海泥饲料的刺参.实验结果表明,在特定的室内养殖条件下,虽然刺参能够更好地利用植物性蛋白,但是可以将动物性蛋白作为刺参的辅助性饲料成分,配制出营养更全面的配合饲料;浒苔作为刺参幼参的养殖饲料原料是完全可行的;海带粗加工产品不适于用做刺参饲料的主要成分.     

刺参配合饲料可代替性的研究

通过对刺参投喂纯配合饲料以及拌有不同比例的花生秧、浒苔配合饲料,来对比刺参的生长和增重率。旨在研究用廉价原料代替高价原料,降低刺参养殖成本,并通过不同成分之间的合理搭配,来促进刺参快速生长。实验结果表明,投喂添加10％花生秧和20％浒苔的饲料能够显著促进刺参的生长。     

浒苔营养成分分析与投喂刺参试验

进行了浒苔(Enteromorpha prolifera)的营养成分测定及投喂刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)的生长试验观察。营养成分检测结果显示,浒苔是一种高蛋白、低脂肪、矿物元素含量丰富的安全藻类食品。另外,分别以浒苔、海泥、浒苔∶海泥(质量比3∶7)、配合饵料∶海泥(质量比3∶7)4种饲料投喂刺参30 d。试验结果:浒苔∶海泥(3∶7)组既有最好的增重率,也有良好的成活率和健康状况;配合饵料∶海泥(3∶7)组次之;而单独投喂浒苔组或海泥组则表现较差。研究结果表明,浒苔具有良好的营养作用,可替代马尾藻、鼠尾藻、海带等作为一种优质的刺参养殖用饵料源。     

饲料中添加3种不同投入品对筏式浅海网箱刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)养殖生长的影响

以刺参的存活率、增重率、特定生长率和肠道蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶及肠道组织结构变化为评价指标,通过42 d的养殖实验,研究了在基础饲料(空白组)中添加20%生物胶为粘合剂制备粘性饲料(粘性饲料对照组),通过添加浒苔干粉(浒苔组)、微生态制剂(微生态制剂组)、中草药(中草药组) 3种投入品对浅海筏式网箱养殖刺参生理及生长的影响。结果显示,在散失率方面,粘性饲料比空白组饲料散失率降低33.42%,添加浒苔干粉、微生态制剂、中草药对饲料散失率的影响差异不显著(P>0.05);在生长方面,中草药组的增重率和特定生长率均为最高,分别达到(41.50±1.39)%和(0.82±0.02)%/d,显著高于其他4个实验组;在存活率方面,微生态制剂组和中草药组的存活率显著高于空白组和粘性饲料对照组。其中,中草药组存活率最高,达到(94.03±2.28)%;在消化酶活性方面,浒苔组、微生态制剂组和中草药组的淀粉酶活性分别在第10、20、30天达到峰值,峰值分别为(1.70±0.05)、(1.60±0.04)、(1.77±0.04) U/mg prot;粘性饲料对照组的蛋白酶活性波动最大,其活性在第10天达到峰值为(1.78±0.09) U/mg prot;空白组、粘性饲料对照组和浒苔组的纤维素酶活性均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,在实验周期内中草药组的纤维素酶活性表现为持续上升,而微生态制剂组刺参的纤维素酶活性表现出先下降后上升的趋势,最低值为(0.14±0.01) μg/g·min;肠道组织结构方面,粘性饲料对照组的肠道黏膜上皮层厚度显著增加(P<0.05),浒苔组的肌肉层厚度显著增加(P<0.05),中草药组和微生态制剂组刺参肠道组织结构完整,上皮细胞分泌旺盛。研究表明,通过添加生物胶所制作的粘性饲料可显著降低饲料散失率,添加微生态制剂和中草药可显著提高网箱养殖刺参的成活率,并显著提高刺参个体的消化酶活力和增重率,添加浒苔对刺参生长影响不显著。     

饲料中添加3种不同投入品对筏式浅海网箱刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)养殖生长的影响

以刺参的存活率、增重率、特定生长率和肠道蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶及肠道组织结构变化为评价指标,通过42 d的养殖实验,研究了在基础饲料(空白组)中添加20%生物胶为粘合剂制备粘性饲料(粘性饲料对照组),通过添加浒苔干粉(浒苔组)、微生态制剂(微生态制剂组)、中草药(中草药组)3种投入品对浅海筏式网箱养殖刺参生理及生长的影响。结果显示,在散失率方面,粘性饲料比空白组饲料散失率降低33.42%,添加浒苔干粉、微生态制剂、中草药对饲料散失率的影响差异不显著(P0.05);在生长方面,中草药组的增重率和特定生长率均为最高,分别达到(41.50±1.39)%和(0.82±0.02)%/d,显著高于其他4个实验组;在存活率方面,微生态制剂组和中草药组的存活率显著高于空白组和粘性饲料对照组。其中,中草药组存活率最高,达到(94.03±2.28)%;在消化酶活性方面,浒苔组、微生态制剂组和中草药组的淀粉酶活性分别在第10、20、30天达到峰值,峰值分别为(1.70±0.05)、(1.60±0.04)、(1.77±0.04)U/mg prot;粘性饲料对照组的蛋白酶活性波动最大,其活性在第10天达到峰值为(1.78±0.09)U/mg prot;空白组、粘性饲料对照组和浒苔组的纤维素酶活性均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,在实验周期内中草药组的纤维素酶活性表现为持续上升,而微生态制剂组刺参的纤维素酶活性表现出先下降后上升的趋势,最低值为(0.14±0.01)μg/g·min;肠道组织结构方面,粘性饲料对照组的肠道黏膜上皮层厚度显著增加(P0.05),浒苔组的肌肉层厚度显著增加(P0.05),中草药组和微生态制剂组刺参肠道组织结构完整,上皮细胞分泌旺盛。研究表明,通过添加生物胶所制作的粘性饲料可显著降低饲料散失率,添加微生态制剂和中草药可显著提高网箱养殖刺参的成活率,并显著提高刺参个体的消化酶活力和增重率,添加浒苔对刺参生长影响不显著。     

山东青岛浒苔变“害”为宝 远销海外

近年来,大量浒苔漂浮聚集青岛海岸,破坏海洋生态系统,严重威胁沿海渔业的发展。青岛检验检疫局积极开展浒苔无害化处理和资源化利用科研攻关,在成功开发浒苔饲料出口的基础上,帮助企业开发出浒苔肥料,利用浒苔提取物作为叶面喷洒和根部肥料获得成功。     

3种不同体色刺参体壁营养成分的比较研究

本研究分别对青色、紫色和白色刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)体壁的营养成分,包括蛋白、脂肪、粗多糖、氨基酸组成、脂肪酸组成及微量元素进行了比较分析。结果显示,青色刺参蛋白含量显著低于紫色和白色刺参(P<0.05),脂肪含量三者无显著差异(P>0.05),青色刺参和紫色刺参的粗多糖含量高于白色刺参(P<0.05)。3种体色刺参检测出17种氨基酸,白色和紫色刺参氨基酸含量相对较高,为48%左右,而青色刺参体壁氨基酸含量为44%左右。紫色和白色刺参的赖氨酸、苯丙氨酸、苏氨酸、缬氨酸等氨基酸的含量均显著高于青色刺参(P<0.05)。亚油酸(LA)、花生四烯酸(AA)、二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)在3种刺参占较高比重,其中,LA作为重要必需脂肪酸在紫色和白色刺参中均显著高于青色刺参(P<0.05),为青色刺参的4.6倍左右;紫色和白色刺参的AA含量也显著高于青色刺参(P<0.05);而青色刺参中的EPA和DHA均显著高于紫色和白色刺参(P<0.05)。在检测的矿物质中,Fe在3种刺参中含量最高,紫色刺参Fe的含量显著低于青色和白色刺参(P<0.05);青色刺参Mn的含量显著高于紫色和白色刺参(P<0.05);白色刺参Cr的含量显著高于青色和紫色刺参(P<0.05)。研究表明,3种体色刺参的营养成分存在较大差异,均具有进一步开发利用价值。     

青、白刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)体壁营养成分的比较分析

通过对相同养殖环境条件下,青、白刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)体壁中营养成分(粗蛋白、粗脂肪、多糖、脂肪酸、氨基酸、微量元素等)的测定,比较两种剌参的营养品质与价值.结果显示,青、白刺参的出皮率,体壁中的水分、多糖和灰分含量差异显著(P＜0.05),粗蛋白和粗脂肪差异不显著(P＞0.05).青、白刺参体壁中均检测出20种主要脂肪酸,脂肪酸总量和多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)的含量差异不显著(P＞0.05),而青刺参饱和脂肪酸(SFA)含量显著高于白刺参,单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量显著低于白刺参(P＜0.05).MUFA中青刺参的花生四烯酸(AA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)含量均显著低于白刺参(P＜0.05).青、白刺参体壁中检测出17种氨基酸,必需氨基酸(EAA)、鲜味氨基酸(FAA)和药效氨基酸(DAA)的含量均无显著差异(P＞0.05).青刺参体壁中天冬氨酸和精氨酸含量均显著低于白刺参(P＜0.05).青刺参体壁中Mn和Cr的含量显著低于白刺参(P＜0.05).重金属元素Pb、Cd、Hg、As的含量均符合相关食品卫生标准.综合评价认为,相同养殖环境条件下,白刺参的出皮率、多糖含量、脂肪酸中不饱和脂肪酸含量、AA和DHA的相对百分含量、氨基酸中天冬氨酸和精氨酸含量以及微量元素中Mn和Cr含量均优于青刺参.     

Growth performance and digestion improvement of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus fed by solid‐state fermentation diet

In this study, the compound probiotics including Pseudoalteromonas. Sp D11, Bacillus subtilis A142, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y23 and Lactobacillus plantarum L54 were applied for solid‐state fermenting the artificial diet of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. The quality of solid‐state fermented (SSF) feed and its potential effects on growth performance and digestive enzyme activities were investigated. The results showed that, compared to unfermented diet, SSF feed had a better palatability quality; meanwhile, a higher ratio of crude protein, free amino acids and reducing sugars and a lower ratio of crude fibre, crude ash and alginic acid were found in SSF feed. The results of the feeding trial showed that feeding SSF feed could improve growth performance of sea cucumbers more than those fed with the unfermented diet. The results of digestive enzyme assays showed that feeding SSF feed to animals could significantly improve activities of amylase, cellulase, alginic acid enzyme and protease, which implied that fermented feed could improve digestibility of A. japonicus. In summary, the SSF feed fermented by compound probiotics had better palatability and nutrition value than unfermented feed. And feeding SSF feed could significantly improve the growth performance and digestion ability for sea cucumbers in the phases of nursery and grow‐out.     

Effects of kelp residues fermented with probiotics on the culture of sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

The kelp aquaculture production in China is the largest in the world, and a large amount of kelp residue is produced by kelp processing. Kelp residues contain substantial quantities of crude fibre, protein, and residual alginic acid, and may be used as feedstuff for aquaculture animals. In this study, we used probiotics to ferment kelp residues to improve kelp nutrient content and then fed the fermented kelp to the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. To study the effect of fermented feed on sea cucumber, its growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, diversity of intestinal microbiota and water quality of the sea cucumber culture water were determined. Growth performance of sea cucumber fed with fermented feed significantly (p < .01) increased when compared with sea cucumber fed with formulated feed. Amylase, cellulose and alginase activities were significantly (p < .01) higher in the fermented feed group when compared with the formulated feed group. The total number and diversity of intestinal microbiota showed a significant increase in sea cucumbers fed with the fermented feed. The water quality of the fermented feed group showed much lower ammonia and nitrite (<0.050 mg/L) levels when compared with the formulated feed group. These results suggest that kelp residues fermented with probiotics enhance the growth, digestive enzyme activities and intestinal microbiota of sea cucumbers and improve the culture water quality. Fermented kelp residues are a new supplementary nutrient source for sea cucumbers and may be applicable to other animal aquacultures.     

Preliminary Study of the Dietary α‐Tocopherol Requirement in Sea Cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

This study was conducted to evaluate the dietary α‐tocopherol (vitamin E) requirement in juvenile sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus. Sea cucumbers averaging 1.48 ± 0.07 g (mean ± SD) were randomly distributed into 18 rectangular plastic tanks of 20 L capacity in a recirculating system (20 animals per tank). Six semi‐purified experimental diets with average protein and crude lipid levels (dry matter) of 29.7 ± 0.36% and 4.39 ± 0.23% (mean ± SD), respectively were formulated to contain 0 (E4), 15 (E12), 30 (E23), 60 (E44), 120 (E77) and 600 (E378) mg α‐tocopherol/kg diet, supplied as dl‐α‐tocopheryl acetate. Diets were analyzed for α‐tocopherol content by HPLC and the α‐tocopherol levels were 4.01, 12.4, 23.1, 44.3, 77.4 and 378 mg α‐tocopherol/kg diet for E4, E12, E23, E44, E77 and E378 diets, respectively. Casein and defatted fish meal were used as the protein sources in the diets while wheat flour was the carbohydrate source. Sea cucumbers were fed each of the six experimental diets in triplicate groups. At the end of the 14‐week feeding trial, weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE) of sea cucumbers fed on E23, E44, E77 and E378 diets were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of animals fed on E4 and E12 diets. However, there were no significant differences in WG, SGR and FE among sea cucumbers fed on E23, E44, E77 and E378 diets or among those fed on E4 and E12 diets. Survival of sea cucumbers fed on E44, E77 and E378 diets were significantly higher than those of animals fed on E4, E12 and E23 diets. However, there were no significant differences among sea cucumbers fed on E4, E12 and E23 diets or among those fed on E44 and E77 diets. Whole‐body vitamin E concentration increased with α‐tocopherol content of the diets. Broken line analysis of WG showed an optimum dietary α‐tocopherol requirement of 41 mg α‐tocopherol/kg diet in sea cucumber. These results indicated that the optimum dietary α‐tocopherol requirement in sea cucumber in the form of dl‐α‐tocopheryl acetate could be higher than 23.1 mg α‐tocopherol/kg diet but lower than 44 mg α‐tocopherol/kg diet.     

Sea cucumber habitat differentiation and site retention as determined by intraspecific stable isotope variation

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios (δ¹³C/δ¹⁵N) were assessed as a means to ascertain the recent in situ feeding history of the common New Zealand sea cucumber Australostichopus mollis in relation to nutrient enrichment from a longline green‐lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) farm in Northern New Zealand. δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N isotopic signatures and the ratios of sea cucumbers sampled from within the impact footprint of the mussel farm were compared with those of sea cucumbers residing on adjacent natural reefs. Sea cucumbers from beneath mussel farming longlines had significantly different δ¹³C stable isotope signatures in comparison with sea cucumbers collected from neighbouring natural reef habitats. This difference supports the hypothesis that sea cucumbers in the same bay maintain distinctly different feeding histories, with those residing beneath mussel farming longlines deriving tissue carbon from sediment impacted by farming activities. This hypothesis is further supported by the finding that the isotope signature of sediment collected from beneath the mussel farm is consistent with the expectation that sea cucumbers were feeding on and consuming sediment enriched with bivalve waste (faeces and pseudo‐faeces). In contrast, the nitrogen stable isotope signature (δ¹⁵N) was found to be similar between sites for both sea cucumbers and assumed food sources. Both findings lend support to the viability of future sea cucumber/green‐lipped mussel farm polyculture systems. Sea cucumbers in different locations (mussel farm, natural reef) possessed distinctly different isotope signatures, suggesting that mixing of sea ranched sea cucumbers with natural reef populations would be negligible or non‐existent. Similarities between the isotope signatures in low metabolic tissue of sea cucumbers residing at the mussel farm site to that of mussel farm‐impacted sediment suggest that cucumbers beneath mussel farms appear to have high rates of retention at the farm site.     

饲料中适宜的蛋白质和氨基酸水平对刺参生长的影响

利用单因素设计,以初始体重为4.5～4.8g的刺参Apostichopus japonicus为研究对象,分别配制以鱼粉、马尾藻和酒糟等为主要成分的配合饲料(蛋白含量为14.7%、17.7%、19.1%及21.5%)喂养刺参70d。实验表明,实验刺参的增重率和对配合饲料的消化率随着饲料中蛋白含量的增加而增加。配合饲料中粗蛋白的含量为21.49%时,试验幼参的增重率及蛋白质消化率达到最大。另一组试验对5种含有不同种类和数量的氨基酸配合饲料进行了饲喂对比试验,实验进行了40d。结果表明,饲喂富含甘氨酸、蛋氨酸、赖氨酸和精氨酸饲料的刺参增重率最高。