高效生物饲料菌株的选育及应用研究

从35株饲料菌株选育出了氮素转化菌S4、纤维素分解菌A408-2、淀粉分解菌C-24、产酸菌XJ、生香菌R-3共5株高效生物饲料菌株,其最佳组合及比例为A408-2∶C-24∶R-3∶S4∶XJ=3∶4∶2∶2∶4,该菌株组合对原料适应性较强,可使高粱秆的纤维素含量降低11.93个百分点,玉米秆的蛋白质含量提高3.82个百分点;接种方式以先接种好氧微生物,再接种厌氧微生物较佳;发酵时间以1周为宜。     

青海省部分仔猪水肿病病原的血清型鉴定

就青海省仔猪水肿病多发区分离鉴定的45株溶血性大肠杆菌进行了血清学定型，结果表明：已鉴定出血清型的菌株33株，占73．3％，12株未定出血清型，占26．7％；其中O8 10株(22．2％)，O25 1株(2．2％)，O101 1株(2．2％)，O138 3株(6．7％)，O139 7株(15．5％)，O141 5株(11．1％)，O149 6株(13．3％)。O抗原优势菌株分别为：O8、O139、O141、O139，占全部菌数的62．2％。     

固体发酵生产活性酵母饲料的研究

本试验以提高植物性蛋白饲料的营养价值为目的,从8个不同酵母菌株中筛选出菌体蛋白质含量高、生长条件一致的4种菌为试验菌,进行固体发酵生产活性酵母饲料,并对其生产工艺做了细致的研究。试验结果表明：在本试验条件下,不同酵母菌株混合发酵培养优于单一菌株发酵培来制曲种原料中铁皮、豆粕、麻饼、玉米面的比例为对：10：15：5时,酵母菌繁殖最快;加曲种量为8％、发酵60小时后,产品粗蛋白质达到最高峰（53．8％）;不同比例混合菌种的发酵产品,1号、2号、3号活性酵母饲料的粗蛋白质含量与对照组相比都明显提高,分别为53．3％、54．2％。53．1％,氨基酸总数也分别提高了5．17％、8．16％、5．02％,而且整个生产工艺简单易行,成本较低,有很大的推广价值。     

食用菌菌糠饲料喂养畜禽的试验研究

应用北虫草和毛柄金钱菌菌糠喂养鸡、猪的试验结果表明，菌糠是一种优良的能量饲料，可促进畜禽进食，提高产量，改善品质，降低肠道疾病和粪便臭味，扩大饲料来源，降低饲养成本，提高经济效益。北虫草菌糠饲喂肉鸡比常规喂养（ck）提高仔鸡成活率3％，日增重提高5．52％，料肉比下降7．1％，饲料成本下降10％；蛋鸡产蛋率比常规喂养（ck）提高1．5％，日产蛋提高3．56％；毛柄金钱菌菌糠饲喂生猪比常规喂养（ck）平均日增重提高16．67％，经t测验：｜t｜=30．5〉t0．01，故P〈0．01，猪增重达极显著水平。     

饲料(原料)霉变不容忽视──全国饲料霉变现状调查

从全国28个省、区、市104个饲料加工厂和饲养场采集饲料样品627份，其中饲料产品341份、饲料原料286份。按统一的采样方法、霉菌检验方法进行了霉菌数量、种类的分析检验，对部份饲料及原料进行了镰刀菌毒素和黄曲霉毒素B_1含量测定。分离鉴定出霉菌23属73种，其中霉属23种、青霉属21种、毛霉属3种、镰刀菌属2种及其它霉菌24种。检出率最高的有曲霉属87.7％、青霉属73.8％、镰刀菌属36.6％、毛霉属35.4％。全国的配合饲料一般带菌量为10~2-10~5个/g之间，最高可达10~7个/g，颗粒饲料为10~1-10~3个/g，粉状饲料比颗粒饲料霉菌数高10─100倍。全国主要饲料原料玉米一般带菌量在10~2-10~5个/g之间，在80份玉米中符合饲料原料卫生标准的有54份，占67.5％，霉菌数量超过允许量范围的有26份，占32.5％，超过禁用指标的有16份，占20％。从饲料和原料中分离的产毒菌主要有黄曲霉、杂色曲霉、赭曲霉、串珠镰刀菌。采用气相色谱的方法检验194份样品中三种镰刀菌毒素，其检出率DON为49.6％、T-2为17.0％、ZEN为21.5％。采用薄层分析法（GB8381─87）检验90份饲料中黄曲霉毒素B_1其检出率为87.8％，检出值≤0.02mg/kg。     

菠萝皮发酵饲料研究

本文对菠萝皮发酵生产饲料蛋白的工艺条件进行了研究。试验结果表明，采用绿色木霉和产朊假丝酵母混菌发酵，添加麸皮20％、硫酸铵3％、尿素2％，料水比1：1，自然pH值，30℃发酵5d，发酵后的饲料粗蛋白含量提高到17．03％，产品气味芳香，适口性大为改善，可作为动物养殖的饲料。     

鸡大肠埃希氏菌制苗菌株的生物学特性研究

对制苗用鸡大肠埃希氏菌O1、O2、O78标准株的培养特性、免疫原性、菌株毒力及保存代次进行了研究。结果表明，3株标准菌在麦康凯琼脂、普通肉汤及鸡裂解血液马丁肉汤琼脂上生长良好，培养后的3株菌均符合鸡大肠埃希氏菌生化特性；用固体培养基培养后的菌液制成蜂胶灭活疫苗，免疫30日龄雏鸡，1－2周后产生保护力，3周攻毒时保护率为100％，对同型异株（湖北地方分离株）的攻击保护率在80％以上；3株菌都能使重20g小白鼠死亡、4日龄雏鸡死亡，剖解死亡雏鸡，均呈典型大肠杆菌病病理变化；连续传5－10代的3株菌，其毒力明显减弱。     

新型微生态活菌制剂在蛋种鸡饲料中添加饲喂效果的试验

由液体发酵培养而成的新型微生态活菌制剂，富含生物活性肽、多种有益菌．B族维生素、未知生长因子等有效成份．是一种无毒、无害，无污染的绿色饲料添加剂。按0．2％的比例添加于全价饲料中，用于蛋种鸡饲喂对比试验，结果表明，添加组与对照组相比，产蛋率提高3．25％，种蛋合格率提高3．62％，破蛋率降低1．84％，死淘率降低1．37％，     

平菇和香菇降解秸秆的培养研究

以P-1（平菇）和L-1（香菇）为供试菌株,经正交试验分析确定培养的最佳酶活条件为：26℃,含水量55%,菌量（P-1/L-1）3∶1,含氮量2.0%。经测定,共同培养时粗蛋白含量提高34.55%,粗脂肪含量提高3.24%,粗纤维含量降低17.30%。将2株菌分别培养进行比较发现,菌没有颉颃,2株菌共同培养制备秸秆饲料最佳。     

猪和野生动物源大肠杆菌及沙门菌中磺胺类药物耐药基因的检测

对从四川省10个规模化猪场和16种野生动物的粪样中分离鉴定出的67株大肠杆菌、57株沙门菌进行了药敏试验。结果，猪源和野生动物源分离菌对磺胺类药物的耐药率分别为72．0％（72／100）和29．2％（7／24）。根据GenBank中登录的序列，设计了3对特异性引物，对磺胺类药物的耐药基因Sul1、Sul2、Sul3进行了三重PCR检测。在这124株细菌中，Sul1基因的检出率最高，为47．6％（59／124），Sul2基因的检出率为17．7％（22／124），Sul3基因的检出率为18．5％（23／124）。药敏试验结果与基因检测结果的符合率为89．9％。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.