大豆连作土壤有机化合物对大豆根腐病菌生长的影响

采用田间试验、生物模拟试验及化学分析等方法,研究了大豆连作土壤有机化合物(糖、氨基酸、有机酸)对大豆根腐病菌的影响.结果表明:轮作、连作大豆土壤糖组分对半裸镰孢菌、粉红粘帚菌、尖镰孢菌的生长多表现出低浓度促进高浓度抑制的规律,低浓度糖组分对粉红粘帚菌、尖镰孢菌生长的促进作用,连作显著高于轮作.轮作、连作土壤氨基酸组分对半裸镰孢菌、粉红粘帚菌、尖镰孢菌的生长多表现出显著的促进作用.轮作、连作土壤有机酸组分对上述三种病原菌生长多表现出显著促进作用,但连作高浓度有机酸组分能显著抑制粉红粘帚菌生长.上述结果表明,大豆连作土壤有机化合物与根腐病发生存在极密切关系,它们是根腐病严重发生的重要物质诱因.     

尖镰孢菌和禾谷镰孢菌引起的大豆根腐病生物防治研究

以大豆与禾谷类作物轮作体系中引起大豆根腐病的尖镰孢菌(F.oxysporum)和禾谷镰孢菌(F.graminearum)为研究对象,测试分离于大豆和小麦根部及根际土壤的生防菌对2种病原菌防治效果.结果表明:拮抗试验中所测试的生防菌对2种镰孢菌抑菌效果差异不显著,生防菌HJ-ZT1、HJ-MM7、HJ-ZT2、CH-Tr...     

摩西管柄囊霉与连作大豆根腐病原菌尖孢镰刀菌的相互关系研究

以黑农44(高脂肪品种)大豆品种作为试验材料,以不同方式在连作大豆根际土壤中接种摩西管柄囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae)和大豆根腐病原菌尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)。采用传统形态学方法检测Fu.mosseae和F.oxysporum侵染大豆植株根系情况。利用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析Fu.mosseae和F.oxysporum DNA含量变化。结果表明:Fu.mosseae和F.oxysporum均能侵染大豆植株根系,但接种Fu.mosseae的大豆植株根系及根际土壤样品中F.oxysporum DNA含量显著降低,表明Fu.mosseae对F.oxysporum具有强烈的抑制作用。本研究为进一步研究AM真菌克服大豆连作障碍提供了理论依据。     

东北三省大豆根腐镰孢菌种类及其致病力分析

于2007~2010年连续4年从东北三省大豆主产区采集大豆根腐病株,分离大豆根腐镰孢菌,并进行了形态学鉴定和致病力测定。结果表明,分离到的1199个镰孢菌菌株属于 8 个种,分别为尖镰孢菌（F. oxysporum）、 腐皮镰孢菌（F. solani）、 禾谷镰孢菌（F. graminearum）、 半裸镰孢菌（F. semitactum）、 轮枝镰孢菌（F. verticillioides）、燕麦镰孢菌（F. avenaceum）、木贼镰孢菌（F. equiseti）和厚垣镰孢菌（F. chlamydosporum）,其出现频率依次为36.45 %、25.35 %、11.43 %、10.76%、6.76%、4.42%、3.84%和1.00 %。以上8种镰孢菌在黑龙江省都存在,且在黑龙江省首次发现了厚垣镰孢菌。在吉林省没有分离到F. avenaceum和F. verticillioides,在辽宁省没有分离到F. avenaceum和F. chlamydosporum。以合丰25号大豆品种为接种材料进行的致病力测定结果显示：8种镰孢菌对大豆均有致病力,其中尖镰孢菌为强致病力,腐皮镰孢菌、禾古镰孢菌、半裸镰孢菌、燕麦镰孢菌、木贼镰孢菌和厚垣镰孢菌均为中等致病力,轮枝镰孢菌为弱致病力;8种镰孢菌引起的大豆根腐病症状不尽相同。     

东北三省大豆品种（系）对大豆根腐镰孢菌的抗性分析

用茄镰孢菌(Fusarium solani)和尖孢镰孢菌(Fusarium oxysporum)强毒力菌株对408份大豆品种（系）进行抗性鉴定,结果表明东北三省大豆存在大量抗优势致病镰孢菌F. solani和F. oxysporum的资源。黑龙江的357份大豆品种（系）中抗F. solani的占39.03%,抗F. oxysporum的占62.37%。吉林的27份主栽大豆品种中抗F. solani的占23.46%,抗F. oxysporum的占46.91%。辽宁的24份主栽大豆品种中抗F. solani的占25.00%,抗F. oxysporum的占61.11%。黑龙江的菽锦05-SH、黑农65、D09-005、D09-072和 D09-077对来自不同地区的强毒力F. solani和F. oxysporum均表现抗病。来自不同省份的F. solani和F. oxysporum菌株对同一个大豆品种（系）的毒力存在差异,因此在鉴定品种抗病性时应尽量选用当地的镰孢菌株。同时用8种大豆根腐镰孢菌（Fusarium spp.）强毒力和弱毒力菌株接种东北地区的10个主栽大豆品种,在所产生的160个互作中,抗病互作占74.38%,表明主栽大豆品种对镰孢菌根腐病普遍存在抗性。其中绥农28和丹豆13对弱毒力燕麦镰孢菌(Fusarium avenaceum)、黑农44和东农2037对弱毒力尖孢镰孢菌(Fusarium oxysporum)表现免疫;不存在对所有8种大豆根腐镰孢菌均表现抗病和均表现感病的大豆品种。依据抗病互作所占比例和平均病情指数,10个主栽大豆品种对8种镰孢菌的总体抗性频率由高到低依次为：九农28、吉育35、绥农28、铁豆44、黑农44、丹豆13、垦丰16、东农2037、辽豆17、合丰55。主栽大豆品种对同种镰孢菌的强毒力和弱毒力菌株抗感表现一致的占71.25%,因而在鉴定品种抗病性时可以不考虑镰孢菌菌株的毒力强弱。     

大豆连作土壤盆栽大豆根腐病及生长发育状况

根腐病是引起大豆连作障碍的主要原因.对取自海伦农业生态试验站长期定位试验区大豆连作16 a、轮作和休闲3个小区大豆田耕层土壤,采用盆栽方法,探讨长期连作对大豆根腐病及生长发育的影响.分别于大豆播种后20、30和55 d取样调查大豆根腐病发病程度、株高和鲜重,并分别在20 d和55 d时调查病原菌和胞囊数量.结果表明:大豆连作17 a土壤盆栽大豆根腐病发病程度略低于轮作,两者之间差异不显著,轮作高于休闲,两者相比差异显著.播种55 d后休闲大豆株高最高,与大豆连作17 a和轮作比差异显著;其次为轮作,大豆连作17 a株高最低.休闲鲜重最高,其次为轮作,连作17 a最低,但3者之间无明显差异.从大豆根中共分离出镰孢菌和腐霉菌2种病原菌,镰孢菌分离频率明显高于腐霉菌,连作17 a和轮作无明显差异.轮作大豆根上胞囊数量高于大豆连作17 a,差异显著,休闲土盆栽大豆未发现胞囊.因此,大豆长期连作土壤盆栽大豆根腐病与轮作无明显差异,但连作17 a大豆生长发育状况较轮作稍差.     

温度对接种不同镰刀菌的马铃薯干腐病发展的影响

贮藏期马铃薯干腐病由几种镰刀菌引起,其中最重要的是深篮镰孢霉 (Fusarium coe-ruleum)、接骨木镰孢霉)F.sambucinum)、拟单端镰孢霉(F.trichcioides)和燕麦细镰孢霉(F.avenacem)。在南非尖镰孢霉(F.oxysporum)及茄腐皮镰孢霉(P.solani)是干腐病的主要病原菌,其次是接骨木镰孢霉、木贼镰孢霉(F.equiseti)、F.acuminatum、禾赤霉镰孢(F.graminearum)、钩状镰孢霉     

美国路易斯安那引致棉花苗病的镰刀菌的发生频率及致病力

经两年多研究,从田间坏死的棉苗根和下胚轴分离的镰刀菌种的出现频率为42%。经鉴定约90%的镰刀菌是腐皮镰孢(Fusarium solani)或尖镰孢(Fusarium oxysporum)。分离出的其它病菌有木贼镰孢(Fusarium equiseti)、串珠镰孢(Fusarium moniliforme)和禾本科镰孢(Fusarium graminearum)。经温室致病力测定,不同的种和同一种内不同菌系对棉苗的致病性不同。少数菌系引起出苗后猝倒,而多数则引起根和下胚轴的坏死或根尖死亡。腐皮镰孢菌系比其它种的毒性高。     

吉林省公主岭与敦化大豆根腐病镰孢菌的系统鉴定

为明确吉林省公主岭和敦化的大豆根腐病镰孢菌种类,分离93份根腐病标样的病原真菌,利用ITS、TEF1-α、RPB2基因序列比对和多基因位点系统发育分析,结合形态学鉴定方法,鉴定出104株镰孢菌,共分4种,腐皮镰孢菌占64.42%,尖镰孢菌占33.65%,轮枝镰孢菌占0.96%,层出镰孢菌占0.96%。在公主岭罹病植株上分离鉴定出57株镰孢菌,腐皮镰孢菌占91.23%,尖镰孢菌占5.27%,轮枝镰孢菌占1.75%,层出镰孢菌占1.75%;在敦化罹病植株上分离鉴定出47株镰孢菌,腐皮镰孢菌占31.91%,尖镰孢菌占68.09%。结果表明:公主岭优势病原菌为腐皮镰孢菌,而敦化优势病原菌为尖镰孢菌。致病性试验结果表明,仅有3株腐皮镰孢菌对合丰55无致病性,其余101株镰孢菌对合丰55均有不同程度的致病性。     

轮作和连作田大豆胞囊线虫胞囊上真菌定殖动态

研究沈阳市汪家乡连作6年和轮作大豆田中胞囊数量以及大豆不同生长期胞囊上定殖真菌的种群及数量变化.结果表明:在整个大豆生长期中,不饱满胞囊量高于饱满胞囊量.连作田中胞囊总量、不饱满胞囊世高于轮作田.从胞囊上分离列的真菌以镰孢菌居多,在大豆不同生长时期镰孢菌属的分离频率不同,其中潦孢镰菌Fu-sarium.oxysporum为优势利,且连作田中数量多于轮作田;除镰孢菌属真菌外,轮作田中胞囊上分离到的青霉属和粘帚霉属真菌数量最多,还分离到毛霉属、毛壳菌属和拟青霉属;而连作用中胞囊上分离到的真菌中粘帚霉属数量最多,其他各属真菌的数量都很少,其中轮枝菌属和腐质霉属存轮作用胞囊上未分离到.镰孢菌的定殖数量与胞囊的饱满程度有关,而青霉、粘帚霉和拟青霉等其他真菌种群也影响到胞囊的饱满程度.     

不同茬口大豆根圈土壤pH值和氮营养分布的变化

利用根箱系统,研究不同茬口条件下大豆根圈土壤pH值和氮营养分布,结果表明,前茬为麦茬和玉米茬的大豆根面区土壤偏碱,而前茬为休闲和豆茬的大豆根面区土壤偏酸.不同茬口土壤大豆根面区NO-3 -N含量较距根面2mm区低,表现为亏缺效应.尽管处理间NH 4 -N含量分布受茬口影响较NO-3 -N小,但NH 4 -N含量分布走向却因茬口而不同,休闲土、正茬土、迎茬土、重茬土和大豆长期连作处理条件下的大豆根圈土壤NH 4 -N含量表现为一定的累积效应,而小麦长期连作茬口土壤的大豆根圈NH 4 -N含量表现为亏缺效应.试验结果表明不同茬口的大豆根圈土壤pH值、NO-3 -N和NH 4 -N含量分布变化不同,说明大豆连作障碍的原因可能更主要的归结于大豆根圈土壤微生态环境的改变.     

黑土区不同抗性大豆品种与大豆胞囊线虫群体动态关系

大豆胞囊线虫(Heterodera glycines Ichnohe,简称SCN)病是一种大豆最严重的病害之一,应用抗病品种和轮作是控制该病最经济有效的方法.上个世纪80年代以来我国也相继育成了一些抗大豆胞囊线虫病品种,为了探讨不同抗性品种与大豆胞囊线虫群体动态关系和抗性品种的抗性机制,在黑土区的中国科学院海伦农业生态试验站的长期定位区,取我国大豆主产区常见的小麦--玉米--大豆轮作、玉米--大豆--玉米--大豆迎茬、小麦--大豆--小麦--大豆迎茬和大豆连作13年4种轮作方式,以在我国大豆主产区育成的抗大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种的抗线4号和非抗病品种黑农35为材料,研究了不同抗性品种大豆在不同轮作系统中根内不同龄期线虫和根面雌虫发育动态.结果表明,不同大豆品种根内二龄幼虫(J2)数量存在着差异,在大豆连作13年、豆米豆和豆麦豆茬口上种植的抗线4号根内J2数量高于黑农35;在大豆连作13年、轮作、米豆米豆迎茬和麦豆麦豆迎茬4个茬口中抗线4号根内三龄幼虫(J3)、四龄幼虫(J4)数量和根面雌虫数量明显低于黑农35.由此推断抗线4号对大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种的抗性机制可能是抗线虫发育,而不是抗线虫侵入.     

Effects of crop rotation of soybean with corn on severity of sudden death syndrome and population densities of Heterodera glycines in naturally infested soil

Sudden death syndrome, caused by Fusarium virguliforme, and the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, combined cause the highest yield losses in soybean. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of corn rotated annually with soybean on reducing severity of sudden death syndrome (SDS) and if such crop rotation is beneficial to soybean root health and thus improves disease management strategies. Experiments were conducted from 2003 to 2006 through two cycles of a corn–soybean rotation on two commercial fields in Indiana. With one exception, the rotation of soybean with corn did not provide yield benefits compared to monoculture of soybean. Severity of foliar and root symptoms of SDS in rotation plots were never less than in soybean monoculture plots. At one location, soybean monoculture resulted in suppression of SDS compared to the corn–soybean rotation, while H. glycines reproduced freely. At the other location, monoculture of soybean resulted in suppressiveness against H. glycines, while SDS was limited in all treatments. The data suggest that soil suppressiveness can independently impact the pathogens that are important in SDS development. Because H. glycines can increase SDS symptoms, its suppression may also reduce severity of SDS. Current production systems consisting of yearly rotation of soybean with corn are highly vulnerable to the development of severe soil-borne disease complexes. The simple year-to-year rotation of corn and soybean is not considered sustainable. While monoculture of soybean resulted in some disease suppression in these trials, reliance on monoculture may be detrimental due to other environmental considerations beyond the scope of these trials. Including other crops may be beneficial in improving the sustainability of soybean and corn production systems.     

春大豆长期连作对土壤线虫群落结构和食物网的影响

以土壤线虫为指示生物,研究了大豆不同耕作系统土壤线虫群落结构、生态指数和食物网指数的变化特征,以期明确大豆长期连作对土壤生物多样性和土壤食物网结构的影响。结果表明:大豆轮作土壤线虫属最丰富,大豆长期连作25年后土壤线虫属水平种类最少。大豆轮作和大豆短期连作3年土壤线虫群落组成Jaccard相似性最高(0.81),大豆轮作和大豆长期连作25年Jaccard相似性最低(0.66)。大豆短期连作3年土壤中植物寄生线虫的数量最高,显著高于大豆轮作和大豆长期连作25年。食真菌线虫在大豆长期连作25年土壤中较丰富,显著高于大豆轮作和大豆短期连作3年。大豆长期连作25年植物寄生线虫成熟度指数(PPI)高于大豆短期连作3年和大豆轮作。土壤线虫的通路指数(CI)在3个处理中均小于50,土壤腐蚀食物网的降解以细菌降解通路为主。大豆短期连作3年处理位于富集指数(EI)和结构指数(SI)食物网特征图的A象限,大豆轮作和长期连作25年位于食物网特征图的B象限。结果表明,大豆长期连作改变了土壤线虫的群落结构,降低了属的多样性,食物网结构向成熟稳定的方向恢复。     

Effect of tillage intensity on population densities of Heterodera glycines in intensive soybean production systems

The effects of tillage on Heterodera glycines, the most important yield-reducing pathogen of soybean in the U.S., were examined in a long-term tillage and crop sequence study initiated in 1975 on a mollisol at Purdue University. Population densities of H. glycines were monitored under corn–soybean rotation and soybean monoculture in 2003 and 2004. Tillage treatments included: (A) fall moldboard plow + spring secondary tillage; (B) fall chisel plow + spring secondary tillage; (C) ridge tillage; and (D) no-tillage. In both years in the rotational plots, final population densities of H. glycines were proportional to tillage intensity. Under both soybean and corn rotation crops, highest population densities were observed with plowing + secondary tillage and lowest population densities were detected under no-tillage. In 2004, population densities in monoculture soybean soil declined with depth intervals in layers of 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30-cm depth under no-till, but not in plowed plots. Multiple regression analysis determined that the stratification of nematode population densities was strongly correlated to penetrometer resistance and potassium concentration of the soil. Tillage seemed to affect population densities of H. glycines by modification of the soil physical parameters in corn–soybean rotation plots. Reducing tillage intensity was beneficial in reducing population densities of H. glycines in rotational soils. Thus, the choice of tillage system can reduce the risk for damage by this widely distributed pathogen.     

作物轮作系统对大豆胞囊线虫二龄幼虫寄生真菌的影响

采用蔗糖梯度离心法和传统真菌鉴定技术,研究定位试验条件下长期连作、麦豆迎茬、米豆迎茬和麦米豆轮作不同轮作方式下大豆胞囊线虫二龄幼虫虫口密度和寄生真菌情况.结果表明:连作大豆田土壤中大豆胞囊线虫二龄幼虫寄生真菌只有明尼苏达被毛孢(Hirsutella minnesotensis),其它轮作方式中,寄生真菌有2种即洛斯里被...     

Control of Fusarium wilt of carnation using organic amendments combined with soil solarization,and report of associated Fusarium species in southern Spain

Fusarium wilt is a disease that restricts carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) yield worldwide. Efficacies in reducing the Fusarium wilt of carnation (FWC), of various types of organic amendments (fresh or pelletized poultry manure, pelletized Brassica carinata and olive residue compost) combined with soil solarization, were compared in two biennial field trials conducted in a greenhouse with a history of carnation monoculture over 8 years. Soil treatments combining organic amendments and soil solarization significantly reduced disease incidence (86–99%) and increased the number of commercial carnation stems by 5–9 times compared to non-treated plots. Twenty-one Fusarium spp. isolates, with different colony morphologies were recovered from soil samples taken in the greenhouse, before the application of treatments in June 2013. Nineteen of them were morphological and molecularly characterized. Additionally, two pathogenicity tests with 17 isolates recovered from greenhouse soils and two isolates recovered from organic amendments were performed. Fusarium species associated with carnation cultivation were identified as Fusarium oxysporum (43%), Fusarium proliferatum (24%), and Fusarium solani (33%). The phylogenetic analysis of the translation elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1α) region distinguished highly aggressive isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. dianthi, from low aggressive isolates. The pathogenicity tests showed that FWC has a complex etiology, with several Fusarium spp. identified as causal agents. F. proliferatum and F. solani are associated with carnation wilt for the first time in Spain.     

Seasonal variation and effects of wheat rotation on populations ofVerticillium dahliae Kleb. in Ohio potato field soils

Soil population levels ofVerticillium dahliae in Ohio were monitored from May–October, 1982–1985, in 15 fields in potato-wheat rotation and two fields in potato monoculture. Population levels in fields in rotation ranged from 0 to 86 microsclerotia/10 g of air-dried soil with average values during each 6-month sampling period of 9.7, 12.9, 9.6 and 19.6 microsclerotia/10 g of soil for 1982, 1983, 1984 and 1985, respectively. In at least 2/3 of the fields sampled each year, soil populations ofV. dahliae peaked in either July or August, regardless of whether fields were under wheat rotation or potato monoculture. Of the 15 fields under potato-wheat rotation, 13 showed a general pattern of increased populations ofV. dahliae in one or both years following cropping to potato. Among those 13, significantly higher populations (P < 0.05) were observed in one wheat field in 1983 and in eight fields in 1985. In the two fields in potato monoculture, one consistently had population levels ofV. dahliae 3–4 times higher than any other field sampled in this study. Factors that may contribute to periodic changes inV. dahliae populations, implications of these changes in interpreting soil population data, and usefulness of a potato-wheat rotation in managingV. dahliae populations in Ohio are discussed.     

Relay-intercropping soybean with maize maintains soil fertility and increases nitrogen recovery efficiency by reducing nitrogen input

Optimized nitrogen(N)management can increase N-use efficiency in intercropping systems.Legume-nonlegume intercropping systems can reduce N input by exploiting biological N fixation by legumes.Measurement of N utilization can help in dissecting the mechanisms underlying N uptake and utilization in legume-nonlegume intercropping systems.An experiment was performed with three planting patterns:monoculture maize(MM),monoculture soybean(SS),and maize-soybean relay intercropping(IMS),and three N application levels:zero N(NN),reduced N(RN),and conventional N(CN)to investigate crop N uptake and utilization characteristics.N recovery efficiency and 15N recovery rate of crops were higher under RN than under CN,and those under RN were higher under intercropping than under the corresponding monocultures.Compared with MM,IMS showed a lower soil N-dependent rate(SNDR)in 2012.However,the SNDR of MM rapidly declined from 86.8%in 2012 to 49.4%in 2014,whereas that of IMS declined slowly from 75.4%in 2012 to 69.4%in 2014.The interspecific N competition rate(NCRms)was higher under RN than under CN,and increased yearly.Soybean nodule dry weight and nitrogenase activities were respectively 34.2%and 12.5%higher under intercropping than in monoculture at the beginning seed stage.The amount(Ndfa)and ratio(%Ndfa)of soybean N2 fixation were significantly greater under IS than under SS.In conclusion,N fertilizer was more efficiently used under RN than under CN;in particular,the relay intercropping system promoted N fertilizer utilization in comparison with the corresponding monocultures.An intercropping system helps to maintain soil fertility because interspecific N competition promotes biological N fixation by soybean by reducing N input.Thus,a maize-soybean relay intercropping system with reduced N application is sustainable and environmentally friendly.