Is the use o f Gunnera perpensa extracts in endometritis related to antibacterial activity?

Rhizome extracts of Gunnera perpensa are used in traditional remedies in South Africa to treat endometritis both in humans and animals. An investigation was undertaken to determine whether this plant possesses antibacterial activity, which may explain its efficacy. Gunnera perpensa rhizome extracts were prepared serially with solvents of increasing polarity and tested for antibacterial activity. Test bacteria included the Gram-positive Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus and the Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A moderate to weak level of antibacterial activity in most of the extracts resulted, with the best minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 2.61 mg ml(-1) shown by the acetone extract against S. aureus. The extracts were also submitted to the brine shrimp assay to detect possible toxic or pharmacological effects. All the extracts were lethal to the brine shrimp larvae at a concentration of 5 mg ml(-1). The acetone extract was extremely toxic at 1 mg ml(-1), with some toxicity evident at 0.1 mg ml(-1). The remainder of the extracts generally displayed little activity at concentrations lower than 5 mg ml(-1). In summary, the results indicate that although the extracts demonstrated a level of pharmacological activity, the relatively weak antibacterial activity is unlikely to justify the use of G. perpensa rhizomes in the traditional treatment of endometritis. Rather, the slightly antibacterial nature of the rhizomes may contribute to an additive effect, along with their known uterotonic activity, to the overall efficacy of the preparation.     

Determination and quantification of the in vitro activity of Aloe marlothii (A. Berger) subsp. marlothii and Elephantorrhiza elephantina (Burch.) skeels acetone extracts against Ehrlichia ruminantium

An Ehrlichia ruminantium culture system was utilized for the anti-rickettsial evaluation of two ethnoveterinary plants, Elephantorrhiza elephantina and Aloe marlothii. Well-established E. ruminantium cultures were incubated with the plant leaf acetone extracts and compared to oxytetracycline and untreated controls. Effectivity was established by comparing the percentage parasitised cells and the calculation of both EC50 and extrapolated EC90 in microg/ml. The plant extracts were also screened for antibacterial activity using bioautography. Elephantorrhiza elephantina and A. marlothii demonstrated anti-ehrlichial activity with an EC50 of 111.4 and 64.5 microg/ml and EC90 of 228.9 and 129.9 microg/ml, respectively. The corresponding EC50 and EC90 for oxytetracycline was 0.29 and 0.08 microg/ml. Both plants appeared to produce their inhibitory activity by a similar mechanism, unrelated to that of the tetracyclines. Both the plant acetone extracts demonstrated antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC strains).     

Anthelmintic and cytotoxic activities of extracts of Markhamia obtusifolia Sprague (Bignoniaceae)

The anthelmintic activity of Markhamia obtusifolia Sprague (Bignoniaceae) leaf extracts was evaluated against the ruminant gastrointestinal nematode parasite Trichostrongylus colubriformis (Nematoda: Strongylida) using the in vitro egg hatch test. Also, the cytotoxic activity of aqueous extracts of M. obtusifolia was evaluated in cell line cytotoxicity assays. The results indicated that the effective concentration (EC(50)) for the water extract of M. obtusifolia leaves (0.46 mg/mL; Confidence Interval [CI] 0.3-0.5mg/mL) was significantly lower than the EC(50) for the acetone extract of M. obtusifolia (0.8 mg/mL; CI 0.7-1mg/mL). Aqueous extracts were twice as potent as the acetone extracts. The EC(90) (0.2mg/mL; CI 0.1-0.02) for thiabendazole (positive control) was significantly lower than the EC(90) for the water extract of M. obtusifolia (10.7 mg/mL; CI 8.3-13.7 mg/mL). In the cytotoxicity bioassay, the lethal concentration (LC(50)) for the aqueous extract of M. obtusifolia was 0.476 mg/mL, which was relatively high (low toxicity) in comparison to the highly toxic berberine (LC(50)=9.80 μg/mL). The current study showed that M. obtusifolia plant extracts possess anthelmintic activity and are relatively non-cytotoxic, thus providing support for their use in traditional veterinary practices.     

Rationale for using Peltophorum africanum (Fabaceae) extracts in veterinary medicine

Peltophorum africanum (Fabaceae) is a deciduous tree widespread in southern Africa. The plant has many ethnomedical and ethnoveterinary uses. Root and bark decoctions are used to treat diarrhoea, dysentery, sore throat, wounds, back and joint pains, HIV-AIDS, venereal diseases and infertility. Pastoralists and rural farmers use the root and bark extracts to treat diarrhoea, dysentery, infertility, and to promote well-being and resistance to diseases in cattle. To evaluate these ethnobotanical leads, dried leaves, stem bark and root bark were extracted with ethanol, acetone, dichloromethane and hexane. Polyphenols in the extract were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method with gallic acid as standard. Qualitative antioxidant activity was screened by spraying thin layer chromatograms (TLC) of the extracts with 0.2% 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), and quantified with Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and total antibacterial activity (TAA) were determined by serial microplate dilution for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis, with gentamicin as standard and tetrazolium violet as growth indicator. Acetone and ethanol extracted the largest quantity of material. Polyphenols concentration was 49.2% in acetone extract of the root and 3.8% in dichloromethane extract of the leaf. Antioxidant activity of at least 5 antioxidant compounds as measured by TEAC ranged from 1.34 (ethanol extract of the root) to 0.01 (hexane extract of the leaf). The total antibacterial activity (volume to which active compounds present in 1 g plant material can be diluted and still inhibit bacterial growth) was 1263 ml/g for ethanol extract of the root against S. aureus, and 800 ml/g for acetone extract of the root against P. aeruginosa. There was substantial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with MIC values of 0.08 mg/ml for S. aureus and 0.16 mg/ml for P. aeruginosa. There is therefore a rationale for the traditional use of root and bark of P. africanum in treating bacterial infection related diseases.     

Ovicidal and larvicidal activity of the crude extracts from Phytolacca icosandra against Haemonchus contortus

The development of anthelmintic resistance has impacted on the success of conventional anthelmintics (AH) for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in grazing/browsing sheep and goats. Medicinal plants from the traditional herbolary in Mexico may provide new candidates that can be explored as alternative sources of AHs for ruminants. This study evaluated the leaf extracts derived from Phytolacca icosandra against infective L(3) larvae and eggs from Haemonchus contortus collected from sheep. Three extracts of different polarities were obtained from the leaf plants using ethanol, n-hexane and dichloromethane as the solvents. The effectiveness of the in vitro AH activity of the plant extracts was evaluated using larval migration inhibition (LMI) and egg hatch (EHA) assays. For the LMI assays, the ethanolic extract of P. icosandra showed 55.4% inhibition of larval migration at 2mg/mL (p<0.05). The dichloromethane extract of P. icosandra showed 67.1% inhibition of migration at 3mg/mL (p<0.05) and a dose-dependent response with an LD(50) of 0.90 mg/mL. The n-hexane extract failed to show inhibition of larval migration at any concentration explored. In the EHA for the ethanol extract, the lowest concentration tested (0.15 mg/mL) resulted in inhibition of egg hatching greater than 72.6%. Therefore, the LD(50) could not be calculated for this extract. The LD(50) of the dichloromethane extract of P. icosandra was 0. 28 mg/mL. An egg hatch inhibition greater than 90% was observed with both the ethanolic and dichloromethane extracts when using a concentration of 0.90 mg/mL or higher. The n-hexane extract failed to show egg hatch inhibition at any concentration tested. The AH activity reported for P. icosandra could be attributable to the flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, coumarins and/or saponins that were present in the ethanolic and dichloromethane extracts. A combination of more than one component may also explain the observed AH activity against the H. contortus life stages that were evaluated. In conclusion, the ethanolic and dichloromethane extracts of P. icosandra showed clear in vitro AH activity against the H. contortus eggs and the L(3) larvae. However, the hexanic extract of the plant leaves failed to show any in vitro AH activity.     

库拉索芦荟提取物对维氏气单胞菌抑菌作用的研究

采用榨汁法、水煮法和醇提法制备库拉索芦荟提取物,通过K-B法和二倍稀释法测定3种方法芦荟提取物对维氏气单胞菌的抑菌作用。结果显示,用3种方法制备的库拉索芦荟提取物对维氏气单胞菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,榨汁法、水煮法和醇提法得到的库拉索芦荟提取物对3株维氏气单胞菌的平均最小抑菌浓度(minimal inhibitory concentration,MIC)分别为1、0.5和0.125 g/mL,最小杀菌浓度(minimal bactericidal concentration,MBC)分别为1、1和0.25 g/mL。库拉索芦荟提取物对3株维氏气单胞菌均有抑制作用,芦荟提取物浓度越高抑菌效果越明显,其中醇提法的抑菌效率高,水煮法的抑菌作用其次,榨汁法的抑菌效果较弱。     

天祝天然草地3种有毒植物提取物对粘虫的生物活性

测定了3种有毒植物露蕊乌头,铁棒槌和马先蒿的4种溶剂的提取物对粘虫的杀虫活性。结果表明：露蕊乌头甲醇、乙醇提取物对粘虫均具有一定的触杀活性,LC50分别为3．63、5．79g／L;露蕊乌头甲醇提取物,马先蒿丙酮提取物和铁棒槌甲醇提取物对粘虫的胃毒活性表现较强,杀虫活性LC50分别为2．13,2．82和3．22g／L,马先蒿和铁棒槌的石油醚提取物对粘虫无胃毒活性。3种植物的4种溶剂的提取物对粘虫均表现出一定的拒食活性,其中甲醇提取物的拒食活性都较高,露蕊乌头甲醇提取物对粘虫的拒食活性明显高于其他提取物,当质量浓度达到0．2g／mL时,拒食率为97．6％。而3种植物石油醚提取物的拒食活性均较差。     

Pseudomonads from rabbits and their sensitivity to antibiotics and natural antimicrobials

The sensitivity/resistance of Pseudomonas spp. isolated from rabbits gastrointestinal tract and faeces to antibiotics, enterocins and herbal extracts was tested in this study. The counts of Pseudomonas-like bacteria were higher in faeces (3.23-6.16 log₁₀ CFU/mL/g) than in caecum (1.36-4.08 log₁₀ CFU/mL/g). Nineteen isolates (16 faecal, 3 caecal) were oxidase positive. The strains were allotted by phenotypization to Pseudomonas spp., Brevundimonas diminuta and Brevundimonasvesicularis. High percentage of resistant strains was observed to all antibiotics. The tested strains were more susceptible to natural substances, mainly to plant extracts oregano (95%) and sage extracts (58%). Comparing the antibacterial effect of antibiotics and enterocins against rabbits pseudomonads, enterocins were more effective; the strongest inhibitory activity was determined in the case of partially purified enterocins PPBs EF2019, EK13 and EF55.     

五倍子提取物有效成分含量分析与体外抑菌活性比较

传统中药五倍子(Galla chinensis, GC)被证明具有较好的抑菌效果,但其抑菌活性与活性成分之间的关联性不够明确。本研究采用大孔树脂从GC水提物(water extracts of GC, GCE)中分离五倍子单宁(gallotannins, GT)并收集大孔树脂脱GT后的剩余物(GTrE)；高效液相色谱法用于测定GCE中没食子酸(gallic acid, GA)和没食子酸甲酯(methyl gallate, MG)含量；然后通过最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC)法比较了GCE与其活性成分对耐药大肠杆菌(E. coli)和金黄色葡萄球菌(S. aureus)的抑菌活性,分析了活性成分含量与五倍子抑菌活性的关联性。结果表明,GCE对耐药E. coli和S. aureus具有显著的抑制作用。GT和GTrE与GCE的抑菌作用类似,两者在GCE中的含量分别为58.3%和22.8%,联合使用多呈现相加作用,对不同E. coli菌株的MIC范围为5-20 mg/mL；对不同S. aureus菌株的MIC范围为0.156-0.625 mg/mL。这提示GCE、GT和GTrE对S. aureus抑制的选择性更强。GA对上述两种菌的MIC范围为5-10 mg/mL,MG则为1.25-2.5 mg/mL,但GA和MG在GCE中的含量较低,分别为3.1665%和0.0899%。以上结果表明GCE具有显著的抑菌活性,GA和MG与其抑菌作用相似,但两者在GCE中的浓度远远低于它们的MICs。故推测含量较高的GT和GTrE或者未知组分的联合可能是五倍子发挥抑菌活性的主要成分。     

苗药对3种常见致病菌体外抑菌效果研究

为研究板蓝根、五倍子、黄芪等20味苗药及其组方对金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌和大肠杆菌的体外抑菌效果，本试验通过水煎法、超声水提法、超声醇取法提取苗药及其组方的有效成分，采用二倍稀释法分别测定提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌及大肠杆菌的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）。结果显示，苗药不同提取方法对其抑菌效果影响不同，单味药效果：超声醇提法 > 超声水提法 > 水煎法。五倍子和仙鹤草超声醇提物对金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌及大肠杆菌的MIC分别为0.18、0.71和1.43 mg/mL（五倍子）及1.56、3.13和3.13 mg/mL（仙鹤草）；南五味子、乌梅、刺梨、金银花、绵马贯众、杜仲的MIC值高于五倍子和仙鹤草，低于其他12种药，这6种单味苗药超声醇提物对金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌及大肠杆菌的MIC分别为3.69~50.00、3.13~50.00及3.31~66.25 mg/mL。组方药效果结果显示，超声水提法 > 超声醇提法 > 水煎法。组方5超声水提物对金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌及大肠杆菌的MIC最低，分别为0.34、2.75和2.75 mg/mL；组方1超声水提物对金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌及大肠杆菌的MIC比组方2、3、4低，分别为2.88、5.75和5.75 mg/mL。结果表明，五倍子、仙鹤草及组方5对3种常见致病菌抑菌效果较强，南五味子、乌梅、刺梨、金银花、绵马贯众、杜仲和组方1有一定的抑菌作用，其他苗药的抑菌效果相对较弱。     

Antibacterial activity of cefquinome against equine bacterial pathogens

Cefquinome is known for its use as an antibacterial drug in cattle and pigs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of cefquinome against equine pathogenic bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of cefquinome was determined for a total of 205 strains, which had recently been isolated in Europe from diseased horses (respiratory infection, foal septicaemia). The bactericidal activity was tested against 19 strains using the time killing method. The post-antibiotic effect (PAE) and post-antibiotic sub-MIC effect (PA SME) were determined against 12 strains. Cefquinome showed high activity against Actinobacillus equuli and streptococci (MIC(90) of 0.016 and 0.032microg/mL), Enterobacteriaceae (MIC(90)=0.125microg/mL) and staphylococci (MIC(90)=0.5microg/mL). The activity was limited against Rhodococcus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. Cefquinome was shown to be a time dependent bactericidal antibiotic against the target pathogens, killing occurring at a concentration close to the MIC. A PAE of 0.5-10h was calculated against streptococci whereas no PAE was observed for Escherichia coli. A longer PA SME was determined for streptococci (3.3 to >24h with a killing effect) and E. coli (0.5-13.9h). Cefquinome was shown to have a broad spectrum of activity which covers many equine pathogens.     

绵羊抗菌肽GNLY基因多态性分析及合成多肽的生物学功能研究

试验旨在分析绵羊抗菌肽颗粒溶素（granulysin,GNLY）基因多态性,检测合成多肽的抑菌活性和抑制肿瘤细胞活性,明确绵羊抗菌肽GNLY的生物学功能。通过对GNLY基因RT-PCR产物进行测序,分析GNLY基因多态性,推导其氨基酸序列信息合成功能区多肽,利用径向扩散试验和MIC试验检测合成多肽对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用;利用MTT试验观察合成多肽对人食管癌细胞（EC109）、人肾癌细胞（X786-0）的抑制作用。结果发现,MIC试验中浓度>250 μg/mL的G16对大肠杆菌、葡萄球菌均有抑制作用;浓度 ≥ 7.82 μg/mL的GS16对大肠杆菌抑制作用明显,对沙门氏菌、葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌无明显抑制作用;62.5 μg/mL GC16对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌均有抑制作用,其中对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌抑制作用较为明显;G22对4种细菌均无明显的抑制作用。MTT试验结果表明,合成多肽G16、GS16对癌细胞无抑制作用,G22和GC16对EC109、X786-0具有显著抑制作用,其中1 mg/mL G22和1 mg/mL GC16对EC109生长抑制率分别为88.21%和57.21%,对X786-0生长抑制率分别为96.37%和81.87%。研究显示,合成GNLY多肽对细菌和肿瘤细胞具有一定的抑制活性,本研究结果为绵羊抗菌肽作为候选抗菌药物的开发奠定了基础。     

Communications: Clearance of Amyloodinium ocellatum Dinospores by Artemia salina

Abstract

The potential for using nauplii of brine shrimp Artemia salina to remove the dinoflagellate Amyloodinium ocellatum from aquaculture systems for red drum Sciaenops ocellatus was investigated. Dinospores of A. ocellatum were dispensed in cell culture plates at a concentration of approximately 10,000/mL and were exposed to brine shrimp nauplii at concentrations of l, 2, 4, or 8 nauplii/mL over a 24-h period. 1n the presence of 8 nauplii/mL, dinospores were eliminated in 8 h. In another study, 300,000 dinospores were placed in 3 L of saltwater in two tanks, and l,000 nauplii were added to one tank. After 12 h, three 202-g red drums were placed in both tanks for an additional 12-h-exposure period, after which the fish were euthanized and the trophont load on gill filaments was assessed. Fish from the tank with brine shrimp nauplii had 65% fewer trophonts on their gills than those from the nontreated tank (10.75 versus 3.75 trophonts/filament). These data and the observation that dinospore remains could be observed in naupliar fecal casts suggest the potential value of brine shrimp as a bioremediation measure for this serious gill parasite.     

双峰驼乳中乳铁蛋白的体外抗菌活性及影响因素

采用试管二倍稀释法测定了双峰乳中驼乳铁蛋白(CLF)的抗菌活性.结果表明,CLF对大肠埃希菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)为3 mg/mL,对金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度为2 mg/mL,与溶菌酶联合应用,则能明显增强其抗菌作用.CLF的抗菌活性还与其铁饱和度密切相关,随着铁饱和度的增加其抗菌活性明显下降.葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖、牛血清白蛋白(BSA)、尿素和硫酸铵在0 mg/mL～10 mg/mL的质量浓度范围内,对CLF的抗菌活性影响不大.而NaCl或KCl的浓度为25 mmol/L～100 mmol/L,MgCl2或CaCl2的浓度为1.0 mmol/L～5.0 mmol/L时,CLF的抗菌活性则会明显降低.经较低温度加热处理后CLF能很好的保持其活性;而经较高温度加热处理会使CLF变性并失去抗菌活性.不同pH条件下的抗菌试验结果表明,当pH在7.5～8.0时CLF的抑菌效果最好.     

喷雾干燥细菌素的生物学活性研究

为了初步研究前期试验筛选获得的枯草芽孢杆菌产细菌素的生物学活性,本试验采用杯碟扩散法绘制出硫酸黏杆菌素和杆菌肽锌两种抗生素的抑菌效价标准曲线,用抗生素效价当量来评价细菌素的活性,并在不同温度处理下测定其抗菌活性和热稳定性。结果表明,125 mg/mL细菌素溶液抑菌效价与26 mg/mL硫酸黏杆菌素或11.9 mg/mL杆菌肽锌溶液相当。此外,该细菌素在高温条件下(60~80 ℃)处理15 min仍能维持较高抑菌活性。综上所述,本试验在细菌素和抗生素的抑菌活力之间建立了更直观的联系,并证明了该细菌素具有较好的热稳定特性,为其产业化推广提供了理论支持和技术借鉴。     

东亚飞蝗抗菌活性物质的萃取及抗菌效应研究

试验研究东亚飞蝗成虫抗菌活性物质的萃取参数与抑菌效应。采用针刺蘸大肠杆菌菌悬液方法,以抗菌活性为指标,用杯碟法测定临床多重耐药菌的抑菌活性,确定最佳诱导时间,初步研究抗菌谱。结果表明,东亚飞蝗抗菌活性物质粗提液对革兰氏阳性菌(如金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌)或革兰氏阴性菌(如大肠杆菌、水稻白叶枯病原菌)均有一定的抑制作用。其抗菌谱为:金黄色葡萄球>水稻白叶枯病原菌>枯草芽孢杆菌>大肠杆菌,其中以对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果最明显。抗菌活性物质浓度为11.782mg/mL,蝗虫抗菌活性物质收率为8.623%。经纯化后的抗菌活性物质增强对革兰氏阳性菌或革兰氏阴性菌的抑制作用。采用针刺蘸大肠杆菌方式可成功诱导东亚飞蝗抗菌物质的表达,尤其以针刺蘸大肠杆菌诱导后饲养24h得到的抗菌活性物质抑菌活性最强。结果表明东亚飞蝗虫体内含有抗菌活性物质可被诱导表达,其抗菌作用机理有进一步研究。     

Study on the Biological Activity of a Spray Dried Bacteriocin

The standard curve of two antibiotics (colistin sulfate and bacitracin zinc) was carried out to assess antimicrobial activity of bacteriocin,which obtained from our earlier work,using cup-dish method.In addition,we also observed the effects of the reaction temperature on the antibacterial activity of the bacteriocin.Results showed that 125 mg/mL bacteriocin displayed similar antibacterial activity to 26 mg/mL colistin sulfate or 11.9 mg/mL bacitracin zinc.Furthermore,the bacteriocin remained good thermal stability under high temperature (nearly 60 to 80 ℃) in 15 minutes.Overall,this research built a direct relationship between this bacteriocin and antibiotics,and testified good stablility of this bacteriocin,providing theoretical support and technology reference to promote its large scale production.     

20种中草药复配物对犬源葡萄球菌体外抑制作用的研究

为探究复方中草药对犬源葡萄球菌的体外抑制作用效果,将30种单味中草药配伍后得到20种复配物并制成水提物,采用二倍稀释法测定中草药复配物对犬源葡萄球菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),利用琼脂扩散法测定中草药复配物对犬源葡萄球菌的抑菌圈直径。结果表明,编号为15和16的中草药复配物对犬源葡萄球菌体外抑菌效果最好,最低抑菌浓度均为31.25mg/mL,抑菌圈直径分别为31.0mm和38.0mm,犬源葡萄球菌对这2个复方均表现为极敏;其他复方中草药对犬源葡萄球菌也呈现出不同程度的抑菌活性。研究结果为兽医临床筛选高效低毒的复方中草药制剂提供了科学依据。     

三种中药提取物添加剂对肉鸡抗病性影响的研究

为了研究黄芩提取物(A,含黄芩苷85%)、金银花提取物(B,含绿原酸75%)、中草药C提取物(C,含C苷50%)组成的复方添加剂对肉鸡抗病性的影响。采用正交试验研究了提取物A+B+C复方添加剂的最佳配比。采用牛津杯法和试管二倍稀释法测定添加剂各组分及复方的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),采用动物感染模型研究提取物A+B+C复方添加剂及各组分的体内抗菌作用。通过自然感染病例研究提取物复方添加剂的抗病性作用;采用ELISA法测定肉鸡血清中的IgG抗体的含量。提取物A、B、C按A2B3C2(A 9mg/mL,B 0.03mg/mL,C 50mg/mL)比例配合时,体外抗菌作用最好;提取物A+B+C复方添加剂具有较好的抗金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌作用;可显著降低肉鸡腹水症的发生率,极显著提高病鸡的治愈率和降低病鸡病死率;可显著提高鸡血清IgG的含量。提取物A+B+C复方添加剂对肉鸡的抗病性有显著提高作用。     

桑叶不同极性溶剂提取物的总多酚含量与抑菌活性

用不同极性溶剂萃取桑叶粉中的活性物质,分别获得乙酸乙酯提取物、正丁醇提取物和水提取物。采用琼脂打孔扩散法评价桑叶各极性溶剂提取物的抑菌效果,结果表明桑叶不同极性溶剂提取物对供试革兰阳性菌和革兰阴性菌均有一定的抑制作用,其中乙酸乙酯提取物的抑菌活性显著高于其它溶剂提取物,对大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)的最低抑菌浓度为6.3mg/mL,对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphyloccocus aureus)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、沙门氏菌(Salmonella sp.)的最低抑菌浓度均为12.5 mg/mL。测定乙酸乙酯提取物中的总多酚质量比为(11.91±0.67)mg/g,显著高于其它溶剂提取物,表明桑叶不同极性溶剂提取物的抑菌活性与其总多酚的含量成显著剂量效应关系(P<0.05)。