节裂角茴香几种溶剂提取物对粘虫的作用方式研究

本研究以节裂角茴香为对象,采用室内生物测定方法,开展了不同提取方法(恒温振荡法和索氏抽提法)和不同溶剂(乙醇、甲醇、正己烷、二氯甲烷)所得的8种提取物对粘虫的作用方式的研究。结果表明,节裂角茴香最佳杀虫提取方法与溶剂分别为索氏抽提法及乙醇;其提取物对3龄粘虫幼虫具有较强的拒食和生长发育抑制作用,24和48 h的拒食率均在70%以上,乙醇提取物拒食率最高达到90.78%,4种溶剂提取物处理粘虫24 h的生长发育抑制率为74.21%~91.45%,乙醇提取物48 h为87.00%,生长发育速度缓慢,最终化蛹率为23.33%;8种提取物对粘虫的触杀和胃毒作用均较弱,乙醇提取物48 h触杀和胃毒校正死亡率最高,为33.33%和23.3%;且节裂角茴香对粘虫的拒食活性物质主要集中在植株地上部分。     

甘肃天然草地30种有毒植物提取物对菜粉碟幼虫的拒食和触杀作用研究

采用虫体浸渍法和叶碟浸渍法测定了甘肃天然草地30种有毒植物提取物对菜粉蝶4龄幼虫的拒食和触杀作用。结果表明,铁棒锤、贝加尔唐松草、灰绿黄堇、黄帚橐吾、冷蒿(小白蒿)、骆驼蓬和狼毒甲醇提取物对菜粉蝶4龄幼虫具有很强的拒食和触杀作用,48 h的拒食率为82.23%~100.00%,触杀死亡率为80.00%~94.12%;露蕊乌头、青藏大戟、狼毒大戟和泽漆甲醇提取物具有很强的拒食作用,48 h的拒食率为95.14%~97.62%。综合分析,铁棒锤、贝加尔唐松草、灰绿黄堇、黄帚橐吾、冷蒿(小白蒿)、骆驼蓬、狼毒、露蕊乌头、青藏大戟、狼毒大戟和泽漆11种有毒植物具有研究和开发利用价值。     

灰绿黄堇提取物对粘虫的生物活性研究

采用虫体浸渍法、夹毒叶碟法等方法研究了灰绿黄堇提取物对粘虫(Mythimna separate)的杀虫活性和作用方式。结果表明,灰绿黄堇不同极性溶剂粗提物对粘虫3龄幼虫的触杀作用以甲醇粗提物最强,校正死亡率为15.5%;甲醇粗提物不同极性溶剂萃取物以氯仿萃取物触杀作用最强,校正死亡率可达87.5%,其致死中质量浓度为13.07 g/L;氯仿萃取物对粘虫3龄幼虫具有很强的生长发育抑制作用和胃毒作用,生长发育抑制率和校正死亡率分别为88.66%和91.38%。     

川西北高原露蕊鸟头毒性作用的研究

露蕊乌头（Aconitum gymnandodrum Maxim）是乌头属植物露蕊乌头亚属的仅有种，在化学分类上有特殊的意义，全草可供药用。该植物广泛分布在西藏、四川西部、青海、甘肃南部，生长于海拔1550-3800m间的山地草坡、田边草地和河边沙地。据记载，嚣蕊乌头全草有剧毒，是危害草地生态的毒杂草之一，但多年来，关于其毒性研究一直未见报道。因此，为了合理开发利用露蕊乌头植物资源，用改进寇氏法研究了其茎叶提取物的急性毒性，并研究了其对心脏的毒性作用，现将研究结果报道如下。     

川西北高原露蕊乌头毒性作用的研究

露蕊乌头(Aconitum gymnandodrum Maxim)是乌头属植物露蕊乌头亚属的仅有种,在化学分类上有特殊的意义,全草可供药用。该植物广泛分布在西藏、四川西部、青海、甘肃南部,生长于海拔1550～3800m间的山地草坡、田边草地和河边沙地。据记载,露蕊乌头全草有剧毒,是危害草地生态的毒杂草之一,但多年来,关于其毒性研究一直未见报道。因此,为了合理开发利用露蕊乌头植物资源,用改进寇氏法研究了其茎叶提取物的急性毒性,并研究了其对心脏的毒性作用,现将研究结果报道如下。1试验材料1.1药物露蕊乌头,2001年7月份采自四川省红原县和若尔盖县境内海拔…     

红蓼提取物杀虫活性及其对粘虫的作用方式

采用虫体浸渍法和夹毒叶碟法等方法研究红蓼(Polygonum orientale L.)提取物杀虫活性及其对粘虫的作用方式,为利用该植物研制新型植物源杀虫剂提供理论依据。结果表明,红蓼的最高杀虫活性部位是种子和秋季茎秆,甲醇提取物稀释5倍液对粘虫(Mythi mnaseparate Walker)5龄幼虫的触杀死亡率分别为21.18%和20.29%。种子不同极性溶剂提取物的触杀作用以乙醇最强,校正死亡率可达41.97%;秋季茎秆则以甲醇最强,校正死亡率为20.29%。种子和秋季茎秆乙酸乙酯萃取物的触杀死亡率分别为88.89%和59.20%,二者的LC50值分别为8.6466 g(浸膏)/L和29.0484 g(浸膏)/L。种子和秋季茎秆乙酸乙酯萃取物稀释10倍液对菜粉蝶(Pieris rapae L.)4龄幼虫的触杀死亡率均达100%,种子乙酸乙酯萃取物稀释5倍液对小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella L.)3龄幼虫、棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera Hbner)和甘蓝夜蛾(Mamestra brassicae L.)5龄幼虫的触杀死亡率分别为70.27%、87.50%和90.00%。种子乙酸乙酯萃取物对粘虫3龄幼虫的胃毒死亡率可达57.14%,秋季茎秆乙酸乙酯萃取物对3龄幼虫的生长发育抑制率为30.45%。     

川西北高原露蕊乌头抗炎镇痛作用的研究

乌头属植物是我国重要的药用植物，约有36种可供药用，常用的如川乌、草乌、雪上一枝蒿、铁棒锤等，临床可用于风寒湿痹、关节疼痛、心腹冷痛、寒疝作痛、麻醉止痛等。露蕊乌头（Aconitum gymnandodrum Maxim）是乌头属植物露蕊乌头亚属的仅有种，在化学分类上有特殊的意义，全草可供药用，广泛分布在西藏、四川西部、青海、甘肃南部，     

苍耳提取物对萝卜蚜和粘虫作用方式及解毒酶活性影响的研究

采用室内生测法,研究了苍耳3种溶剂(丙酮、乙醇、氯仿)提取物对萝卜蚜和粘虫的作用方式及苍耳氯仿提取物对两种试虫的3种解毒酶活性的影响。结果表明,苍耳氯仿提取物对萝卜蚜有很强的忌避作用,当浓度为0.05 g/mL,处理4 h,忌避率达94.25%,48 h忌避率为84.53%;其次是触杀作用,校正死亡率最高为67.24%,LC₅₀为0.7420 g/mL;内吸作用极弱。对粘虫主要表现为拒食和生长发育抑制作用,拒食校正死亡率最高达98.27%,AFC₅₀为0.1985 g/mL;72 h体重增长率为-5.85%,与对照差异极显著;胃毒和触杀毒力较弱,LC₅₀分别为0.8997和1.3070 g/mL。苍耳氯仿提取物对萝卜蚜和粘虫的乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)有抑制作用,处理萝卜蚜24 h及处理粘虫4 h时,乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)抑制率最高,分别为37.55%和25.65%;对谷胱甘肽转移酶(GSTs)和多功能氧化酶(MFO)活力影响不明显。     

绣球小冠花等35种植物提取物对粘虫的杀卵作用研究

采用浸卵法测定了绣球小冠花等35种植物提取物对粘虫的杀卵作用。结果表明,欧当归种子丙酮提取物、蛇床种子氯仿提取物、蓖麻种子甲醇、石油醚与乙酸乙酯提取物、绣球小冠花根甲醇、乙醇、丙酮与乙酸乙酯提取物对粘虫具有很强的杀卵作用,5 d的校正未孵化率均达100%;欧当归根75%甲醇与石油醚提取物、欧当归种子甲醇与石油醚提取物具有较强的杀卵作用,校正未孵化率分别为39.65%与35.31%,55.99%与34.51%,绣球小冠花根、曼陀罗种子和苘麻种子石油醚提取物具有一定的杀卵作用,校正未孵化率分别为11.45%,11.79%和10.60%,其他提取物杀卵作用很弱或无杀卵作用。绣球小冠花、欧当归、蛇床和蓖麻4种高效杀卵植物具有研究和开发利用价值。     

红蓼提取物对13种农业害虫触杀活性的研究

关于红蓼提取物对农业害虫的触杀活性,国内外研究甚少。研究红蓼提取物对害虫的触杀活性,可为利用该植物研制新型植物源杀虫剂提供理论依据。本研究采用浸渍法测定了红蓼提取物对害虫的触杀活性,结果表明,红蓼种子乙酸乙酯萃取物对粘虫、菜粉蝶、棉铃虫、甘蓝夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾和小地老虎4~5龄幼虫具有很强的触杀活性,在16.80 g/L浓度下的校正死亡率在87.50%~100%;对小菜蛾3龄幼虫也具有很强的触杀活性,在21.00 g/L浓度下的校正死亡率为92.85%;秋季茎秆乙酸乙酯萃取物对菜粉蝶4龄幼虫和粘虫5龄幼虫具有很强和较强的触杀活性,在33.60 g/L浓度下的校正死亡率分别为100%和59.20%。盛花期茎秆石油醚粗提物对棉蚜具有较强的触杀活性,在0.27 g/L浓度下的校正死亡率为51.65%。盛花期花石油醚和甲醇粗提物对朱砂叶螨具有很强的触杀活性,在0.13和1.15 g/L浓度下的校正死亡率均高达100%。     

甘青赛莨菪粗提物的杀虫活性研究

采用虫体浸渍法和叶碟浸渍法研究了甘青赛莨菪粗提物对粘虫、菜青虫和麦长管蚜虫的杀虫活性。试验结果表明,甘青赛莨菪叶甲醇粗提物对粘虫5龄幼虫的触杀活性最强,其次为茎和根皮甲醇粗提物,稀释5倍液的校正死亡率分别为28.09%,18.30%和17.07%。叶甲醇粗提物对4龄菜青虫的触杀活性最强,其次为茎和根皮甲醇粗提物,稀释10倍液的校正死亡率分别为66.67%,64.29%和60.00%。叶、茎和根皮甲醇粗提物对4龄菜青虫的拒食活性均很弱,对麦长管蚜具有一定的触杀活性,对棉蚜和桃蚜无触杀活性。     

In vitro anthelmintic, antibacterial and cytotoxic effects of extracts from plants used in South African ethnoveterinary medicine

Many plants are used for ethnoveterinary purposes in South Africa, particularly in rural areas. Extracts of 17 plant species employed to treat infectious diseases were prepared using three solvents and the antibacterial activity of the extracts was determined against two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria. Anthelmintic activity was evaluated against the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and toxicity was determined using the brine shrimp larval mortality test. Most of the plant extracts demonstrated antibacterial activity, with the best minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) being 0.1 mg mL(-1). More than a third of the extracts displayed anthelmintic activity. Toxic effects against brine shrimp larvae were shown by 30% of extracts, with the lowest LC(50) recorded as 0.6 mg mL(-1). The promising biological activity displayed by a number of plant extracts supports the ethnoveterinary use of these plants but in vivo tests are required to ascertain fully their medicinal properties and potential toxicity.     

Acaricidal activity of extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica) oil against the larvae of the rabbit mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. cuniculi in vitro

The acaricidal activity of the petroleum ether extract, the chloroform extract and the acetic ether extract of neem (Azadirachta indica) oil against Sarcoptes scabiei var. cuniculi larvae was tested in vitro. A complementary log-log (CLL) model was used to analyze the data of the toxicity tests. The results showed that at all test time points, the petroleum ether extract demonstrated the highest activity against the larvae of S. scabiei var. cuniculi, while the activities of the chloroform extract and the acetic ether extract were similar. The activities of both the petroleum ether extract and the chloroform extract against the larvae showed the relation of time and concentration dependent. The median lethal concentration (LC(50)) of the petroleum ether extract (1.3muL/mL) was about three times that of the chloroform extract (4.1muL/mL) at 24h post-treatment. At the concentrations of 500.0muL/mL, the median lethal time (LT(50)) of the petroleum ether extract and the chloroform extract was 8.4 and 9.6h, respectively.     

藏兽药蓝花侧金盏对兔螨的抑杀作用研究

目的:探讨藏兽药蓝花侧金盏对兔螨的抑杀作用。方法:应用体外培养杀螨实验,比较了蓝花侧金盏水提取物、甲醇提取物、乙酸乙酯提取物及石油醚提取物的杀螨活性,并对活性较强的提取物的毒力和治疗兔螨病效果进行了评价。结果:4种提取物中,乙酸乙酯提取物具有较强的体外杀螨活性,高剂量(500 mg/mL)在体外培养6 h内全部杀死螨虫,4种浓度(500、250、125和62.5 mg/mL)的半数致死时间分别为0.743、2.73、5.919和22.536 h,并且其能有效治疗兔螨病,总有效率为90%。结论:蓝花侧金盏乙酸乙酯提取物具有良好的杀兔螨活性。     

In vitro investigation of the toxic effects of extracts of Allium sativum bulbs on adults of Hyalomma marginatum rufipes and Rhipicephalus pulchellus

The toxic effects of the extracts of Allium sativum (Garlic) were evaluated against adults of Hyalomma marginatum rufipes and Rhipicephalus pulchellus using three types (Types A, B and C) of contact toxicity bioassays. A. sativum bulbs were extracted with acetone, ethanol and dichloromethane (DCM) solvents. Among these three solvents, it is the DCM extract of A. sativum that appears to have anti-tick activity. In the Type A contact toxicity bioassay, DCM extracts of A. sativum demonstrated a high acaricidal bioactivity against H. m. rufipes with 100% of ticks killed in less than an hour, and toxicity persisted to the second day. A weak acaricidal activity of aqueous extracts of A. sativum was observed in the Type B contact toxicity bioassay. In the Type C contact toxicity bioassay, a concentration of 24% w/v of DCM extracts of garlic in sunflower oil (Helianthus annuus) had killed 100% of H. m. rufipes (LC50 = 5.9% w/v) and R. pulchellus (LC50 = 10.3% w/v) by 24 hours post-treatment of ticks. The results obtained from this study suggest that DCM extract of A. sativum is a potential source of novel acaricidal agents.     

假蒟提取物的体外抗氧化和抗炎效果研究

本研究旨在分析假蒟提取物的活性成分并评价其体外抗氧化和抗炎活性。试验通过ABTS法检测3种假蒟提取物(石油醚、正丁醇及乙酸乙酯提取物)的抗氧化能力;采用LPS法建立猪小肠上皮细胞(IPEC-J2)体外炎症模型,用假蒟提取物预处理后,以ELISA法检测细胞上清液中肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1(IL-1)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)的含量。结果表明,3种假蒟提取物总抗氧化活性由大到小依次是假蒟正丁醇提取物、乙酸乙酯提取物、石油醚提取物(P<0.05),其中假蒟正丁醇提取物总生物碱、总酚含量最高,分别为2.81 mEq/100 g、161.82 mg/g。与空白组相比,LPS组IPEC-J2细胞的TNF-α(P<0.05)、IL-1(P>0.05)及IL-6(P<0.05)含量均升高;与LPS组相比,假蒟预处理组的这几种细胞因子含量均显著降低(P<0.05),由高到低依次为乙酸乙酯提取物>石油醚提取物>正丁醇提取物。综合试验结果,假蒟提取物具有一定的抗氧化作用,能影响IPEC-J2细胞炎性因子的分泌,抑制炎症反应。     

Study on Subchronic Toxicity Test of Different Polarity Section Extracts from Aster tataricus L.f.on SD rats

The aim of the experiment was to observe the liver toxicity of different polarity section extracts from Aster tataricus L.f.on SD rats.The subchronic test was performed via the daily oral administration of Aster tataricus L.f.at dose of 0.34 g/kg body weight in SD rats which were divided into six groups(control group, petroleum ether group, ethyl acetate group, N-butyl alcohol group, mother liquid group and 75% ethanol group), observing the effects on food consumption, body weight gain, viscera coefficient, urine examination, blood routine examination, serum biochemistry indices, liver antioxidant function analysis and histopathological observation.There was no significant changes of body weight gain, viscera coefficient, urine examination and liver antioxidant function among six groups(P>0.05), but WBC significantly and extremely significantly decreased in male rats of ethyl acetate group, mother liquid group and N-butyl alcohol group(P<0.05; P<0.01), and significantly and extremely significantly decreased in female rats of N-butyl alcohol group and petroleum ether group, ethyl acetate group(P<0.05; P<0.01);The LDH significantly increased in female rats of ethyl acetate group(P<0.05);Slight congestion and necrosis were showed in liver in petroleum ether group and ethyl acetate group, there was no differences observed in other groups.The extracts of Aster tataricus L.f., especially petroleum ether extract and ethyl acetate extract could cause slight liver toxicity under the dose of 0.34 g/kg body weight.