植物2C类蛋白磷酸酶及其在逆境信号转导中的作用

2C类蛋白磷酸酶(PP2C)是一类丝氨酸/苏氨酸残基蛋白磷酸酶,以单体酶的形式广泛存在于生物体中,参与多种信号途径。大量研究表明,植物PP2C负调控ABA信号转导途径及多种逆境胁迫转导途径。本文对高等植物PP2C的分类及其对多种逆境信号转导途径的调控功能研究进行了综述与展望。     

Mutational analysis of the tyrosine phosphatome in colorectal cancers

Tyrosine phosphorylation, regulated by protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) and kinases (PTKs), is important in signaling pathways underlying tumorigenesis. A mutational analysis of the tyrosine phosphatase gene superfamily in human cancers identified 83 somatic mutations in six PTPs (PTPRF, PTPRG, PTPRT, PTPN3, PTPN13, PTPN14), affecting 26% of colorectal cancers and a smaller fraction of lung, breast, and gastric cancers. Fifteen mutations were nonsense, frameshift, or splice-site alterations predicted to result in truncated proteins lacking phosphatase activity. Five missense mutations in the most commonly altered PTP (PTPRT) were biochemically examined and found to reduce phosphatase activity. Expression of wild-type but not a mutant PTPRT in human cancer cells inhibited cell growth. These observations suggest that the mutated tyrosine phosphatases are tumor suppressor genes, regulating cellular pathways that may be amenable to therapeutic intervention.     

Protein phosphatases: properties and role in cellular regulation

Protein phosphorylation is a principal regulatory mechanism in the control of almost all cellular processes. The nature of the protein phosphatases that participate in these reactions has been a subject of controversy. Four enzymes, termed protein phosphatases 1, 2A, 2B, and 2C, account for virtually all of the phosphatase activity toward phosphoproteins involved in controlling glycogen metabolism, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, cholesterol synthesis, and protein synthesis. The properties, physiological roles, and mechanisms for regulating the four protein phosphatases are reviewed.     

Regulation of cell migration by the C2 domain of the tumor suppressor PTEN

PTEN is a tumor suppressor protein that dephosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5 trisphosphate and antagonizes the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase signaling pathway. We show here that PTEN can also inhibit cell migration through its C2 domain, independent of its lipid phosphatase activity. This activity depends on the protein phosphatase activity of PTEN and on dephosphorylation at a single residue, threonine(383). The ability of PTEN to control cell migration through its C2 domain is likely to be an important feature of its tumor suppressor activity.     

补阳还五汤对去势脑缺血雌性大鼠海马神经干细胞增殖及ERK/CREB信号通路的影响

目的 探讨补阳还五汤对去势脑缺血雌性大鼠海马神经干细胞（neural stem cells,NSCs）增殖及ERK/CREB信号通路的影响。方法 采用双侧卵巢切除术（OVX）结合大脑中动脉阻塞（MCAO）法复制去势雌性大鼠脑缺血复合模型,将造模后的36只大鼠随机分为双假手术组、复合模型组、雌激素组、雌激素+G15组、补阳还五汤组及补阳还五汤+G15组6组,每组6只,术后24 h给予相应药物灌胃连续干预14 d,同时每天腹腔注射BrdU、G15分别标记增殖细胞和阻断GPER-1。采用免疫荧光BrdU/Nestin双标法检测各组大鼠缺血侧海马齿状回NSCs增殖情况,免疫组化SP法检测ERK1/2、CREB1磷酸化蛋白表达水平。结果 补阳还五汤组和雌激素组缺血侧海马DG区BrdU/Nestin双标阳性细胞及pERK1/2、pCREB1阳性细胞表达均增加,与复合模型组比较有显著性差异（P<0.05）,但补阳还五汤组要多于雌激素组（P<0.05）。与补阳还五汤组比较,补阳还五汤+G15组缺血侧海马DG区BrdU/Nestin双标阳性细胞及及pERK1/2、pCREB1阳性细胞表达均减少（P<0.05）。结论 补阳还五汤可以促进去势脑缺血雌性大鼠缺血侧海马DG区神经干细胞增殖,激活ERK/CREB信号通路,可能是其发挥类雌激素作用、促进内源性神经再生作用机制之一。     

植物PP2C蛋白磷酸酶负调控ABA信号转导途径研究进展

PP2C(PP2C-type protein phosphatases)蛋白磷酸酶是一类丝氨酸/苏氨酸残基蛋白磷酸酶,植物体内目前已经发现了4种PP2C蛋白磷酸酶:ABI,AtP2C-HABl,AtPP2CA以及MP2C.大量的研究表明植物PP2C蛋白磷酸酶参与了ABA信号转导途径的负调控功能.就高等植物PP2C的分类及其对ABA信号转导途径的负调控功能的研究进展进行了综述.     

Phosphorylation and regulation of Raf by Akt (protein kinase B)

Activation of the protein kinase Raf can lead to opposing cellular responses such as proliferation, growth arrest, apoptosis, or differentiation. Akt (protein kinase B), a member of a different signaling pathway that also regulates these responses, interacted with Raf and phosphorylated this protein at a highly conserved serine residue in its regulatory domain in vivo. This phosphorylation of Raf by Akt inhibited activation of the Raf-MEK-ERK signaling pathway and shifted the cellular response in a human breast cancer cell line from cell cycle arrest to proliferation. These observations provide a molecular basis for cross talk between two signaling pathways at the level of Raf and Akt.     

小鼠Toll样受体9基因的克隆、表达及其活性的初步鉴定

从小鼠巨噬细胞中提取细胞总RNA,采用RT-PCR技术扩增小鼠Toll样受体9(mTLR9)cDNA,构建真核表达质粒p3XFLAG-CMV-7.1-mTLR9,转染293T细胞,利用Western Blotting检测蛋白表达,并用双荧光素酶报告基因系统检测mTLR9对其介导的信号通路下游转录因子NF-κB转录活性影响.结果表明,本试验成功克隆到小鼠TLR9cDNA,构建的重组体转染细胞后表达的蛋白分子质量与预计相符,并能激活下游转录因子NF-κB的转录活性.     

泛素化修饰在RLR信号通路中的研究进展

病毒入侵后被细胞的模式识别受体RIG-I样受体（RIG-I-like receptor, RLR）识别从而启动抗病毒RLR信号通路的激活,先天免疫反应的异常激活将导致慢性炎症和免疫器官损伤,甚至引起自身免疫性疾病。为了防止抗病毒信号过早激活或过度激活,机体建立了完善的调节系统防止信号传导过程发生紊乱。蛋白的翻译后修饰（Post-translational modification, PTM）是调节模式识别受体及其下游信号蛋白稳定性和活性的关键机制,而泛素化（Ubiquitination, UB）作为蛋白质翻译后修饰的重要部分在抗病毒信号通路中被广泛研究。其中K48和K63连接的泛素化最为常见,通过K48连接的泛素链能够引起靶蛋白通过蛋白酶体途径降解,而K63连接的泛素链能够促进蛋白激活和细胞信号转导。RIG-Ⅰ、MAVS、TBK1以及TRAF家族相关蛋白作为RLR通路的信号传递分子,其蛋白的泛素化修饰也成为研究的重点。本文讨论了K48和K63泛素化在抗病毒免疫信号通路中的研究进展,特别是RIG-I样受体引发的信号传导途径中蛋白的泛素化修饰。     

Greatwall phosphorylates an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A that is essential for mitosis

Entry into mitosis in eukaryotes requires the activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1). Cdk1 is opposed by protein phosphatases in two ways: They inhibit activation of Cdk1 by dephosphorylating the protein kinases Wee1 and Myt1 and the protein phosphatase Cdc25 (key regulators of Cdk1), and they also antagonize Cdk1's own phosphorylation of downstream targets. A particular form of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) containing a B55δ subunit (PP2A- B55δ) is the major protein phosphatase that acts on model CDK substrates in Xenopus egg extracts and has antimitotic activity. The activity of PP2A-B55δ is high in interphase and low in mitosis, exactly opposite that of Cdk1. We report that inhibition of PP2A-B55δ results from a small protein, known as α-endosulfine (Ensa), that is phosphorylated in mitosis by the protein kinase Greatwall (Gwl). This converts Ensa into a potent and specific inhibitor of PP2A-B55δ. This pathway represents a previously unknown element in the control of mitosis.     

Differentiation stage-specific inhibition of the Raf-MEK-ERK pathway by Akt

Extracellular signals often result in simultaneous activation of both the Raf-MEK-ERK and PI3K-Akt pathways (where ERK is extracellular-regulated kinase, MEK is mitogen-activated protein kinase or ERK kinase, and PI3K is phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase). However, these two signaling pathways were shown to exert opposing effects on muscle cell hypertrophy. Furthermore, the PI3K-Akt pathway was shown to inhibit the Raf-MEK-ERK pathway; this cross-regulation depended on the differentiation state of the cell: Akt activation inhibited the Raf-MEK-ERK pathway in differentiated myotubes, but not in their myoblast precursors. The stage-specific inhibitory action of Akt correlated with its stage-specific ability to form a complex with Raf, suggesting the existence of differentially expressed mediators of an inhibitory Akt-Raf complex.     

Specific expression of a tyrosine kinase gene, blk, in B lymphoid cells

Several pathways of transmembrane signaling in lymphocytes involve protein-tyrosine phosphorylation. With the exception of p56lck, a tyrosine kinase specific to T lymphoid cells that associates with the T cell transmembrane proteins CD4 and CD8, the kinases that function in these pathways are unknown. A murine lymphocyte complementary DNA that represents a new member of the src family has now been isolated and characterized. This complementary DNA, termed blk (for B lymphoid kinase), specifies a polypeptide of 55 kilodaltons that is related to, but distinct from, previously identified retroviral or cellular tyrosine kinases. The protein encoded by blk exhibits tyrosine kinase activity when expressed in bacterial cells. In the mouse and among cell lines, blk is specifically expressed in the B cell lineage. The tyrosine kinase encoded by blk may function in a signal transduction pathway that is restricted to B lymphoid cells.     

The Semaphorin 4D receptor Plexin-B1 is a GTPase activating protein for R-Ras

Plexins are cell surface receptors for semaphorin molecules, and their interaction governs cell adhesion and migration in a variety of tissues. We report that the Semaphorin 4D (Sema4D) receptor Plexin-B1 directly stimulates the intrinsic guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) activity of R-Ras, a member of the Ras superfamily of small GTP-binding proteins that has been implicated in promoting cell adhesion and neurite outgrowth. This activity required the interaction of Plexin-B1 with Rnd1, a small GTP-binding protein of the Rho family. Down-regulation of R-Ras activity by the Plexin-B1-Rnd1 complex was essential for the Sema4D-induced growth cone collapse in hippocampal neurons. Thus, Plexin-B1 mediates Sema4D-induced repulsive axon guidance signaling by acting as a GTPase activating protein for R-Ras.     

FSH和17β-雌二醇联合作用对仔猪睾丸 支持细胞Skp2表达的调节

 【目的】确定FSH和雌激素联合作用是否可通过ERK1/2级联调节培养条件下未成熟仔猪睾丸支持细胞中Skp2的表达。【方法】以培养的仔猪睾丸支持细胞为试验材料,通过添加各种信号通路的抑制剂,应用Western blotting和实时荧光定量PCR检测Skp2蛋白、mRNA的表达。【结果】FSH（50 ng·mL-1）和17β-雌二醇（10-9 mol·L-1）联合作用时以时间依赖的方式促进了Skp2蛋白和mRNA的表达（P＜0.05）,这一作用在30 min时到达高峰;FSH（50 ng·mL-1）、17β-雌二醇（10-9 mol·L-1）和forskolin单独作用均促进了Skp2蛋白和mRNA的表达（P＜0.05）,FSH（50 ng·mL-1）和17β-雌二醇（10-9 mol·L-1）联合作用对Skp2表达的影响与FSH或17β-雌二醇（10-9 mol·L-1）单独作用无显著差异（P≥0.05）,而环磷酸腺苷抑制剂（Rp-cAMP）、蛋白激酶A（PKA）抑制剂（H-89）、L-Ca2+离子通道抑制剂（verapamil）和ERK1/2抑制剂（U0126）单独作用时对Skp2蛋白和mRNA的表达与空白对照相比无显著影响（P＞0.05）,但都抑制了FSH（50 ng·mL-1）与17β-雌二醇（10-9 mol·L-1）联合作用对Skp2蛋白和mRNA表达的影响（P＜0.05）。H-89、verapamil单独作用对ERK1/2（细胞外信号调节的蛋白激酶1/2）活性没有影响,但降低了FSH（50 ng·mL-1）和17β-雌二醇（10-9 mol·L-1）联合作用对ERK1/2活性的影响。【结论】 FSH与17β-雌二醇联合作用激活了cAMP-PKA级联和Ca2+内流,而PKA和Ca2+内流又通过影响ERK1/2的活性进而影响Skp2的表达。     

Identification of Hedgehog pathway components by RNAi in Drosophila cultured cells

Classical genetic screens can be limited by the selectivity of mutational targeting, the complexities of anatomically based phenotypic analysis, or difficulties in subsequent gene identification. Focusing on signaling response to the secreted morphogen Hedgehog (Hh), we used RNA interference (RNAi) and a quantitative cultured cell assay to systematically screen functional roles of all kinases and phosphatases, and subsequently 43% of predicted Drosophila genes. Two gene products reported to function in Wingless (Wg) signaling were identified as Hh pathway components: a cell surface protein (Dally-like protein) required for Hh signal reception, and casein kinase 1alpha, a candidate tumor suppressor that regulates basal activities of both Hh and Wg pathways. This type of cultured cell-based functional genomics approach may be useful in the systematic analysis of other biological processes.     

Control of nutrient-sensitive transcription programs by the unconventional prefoldin URI

Prefoldins (PFDs) are members of a recently identified, small-molecular weight protein family able to assemble into molecular chaperone complexes. Here we describe an unusually large member of this family, termed URI, that forms complexes with other small-molecular weight PFDs and with RPB5, a shared subunit of all three RNA polymerases. Functional analysis of the yeast and human orthologs of URI revealed that both are targets of nutrient signaling and participate in gene expression controlled by the TOR kinase. Thus, URI is a component of a signaling pathway that coordinates nutrient availability with gene expression.     

设施栽培土壤磷酸酶活性及其与土壤养分的关系

对不同种植年限的设施栽培土壤磷酸酶活性和土壤养分测定分析结果表明,设施栽培土壤磷酸酶活性和土壤养分含量均比露地栽培高,且差异均达极显著水平。随种植年限的增加,设施栽培土壤碱性磷酸酶活性、有机质、全氮、有效氮和全磷含量呈现先增后降的趋势,且不同种植年限之间的差异达极显著水平;土壤中性磷酸酶活性则呈现先降后增的趋势;土壤有效磷含量呈现波动上升趋势。设施栽培土壤碱性磷酸酶活性与土壤主要养分因子均呈极显著正相关关系,土壤中性磷酸酶活性与土壤全磷呈极显著负相关,与其它土壤主要养分因子相关性都不显著。设施栽培土壤有机质和有效磷对土壤碱性磷酸酶活性有强烈的正效应,土壤全氮对土壤中性磷酸酶活性有强烈的负效应,土壤有效磷对土壤中性磷酸酶活性有强烈的正效应,土壤全磷对土壤碱性磷酸酶和中性磷酸酶活性的影响都主要表现在间接影响上。