风险评估制度在奶牛养殖动物卫生长效管理机制研究中的运用

2009年,河北省石家庄市动物卫生监督所承担了"石家庄市奶牛养殖动物卫生监督长效管理机制研究"科研课题,以风险评估制度为分析手段,建立适合本地区的奶牛养殖动物卫生监督管理长效管理模式,使奶牛养殖场可能存在的动物卫生风险得到有效控制,最终在石家庄市规模奶牛养殖场推广,实现奶牛养殖场的动物卫生和畜产品安全"零风险"控制,形成奶牛动物卫生的良性环境.     

致奶牛户：奶牛互助保险中致死率最高的疾病——奶牛创伤性网胃炎

石家庄市奶牛互助保险试点工作自2006年下半年启动以来。石家庄市奶协按照市政府马玉文副市长提出的“积极探索建立完善畜牧业风险保障体系”的要求，以降低养殖业风险、增加农民收入为目标，实行协会牵头管理、政府引导支持、农民互助共济、监管有效得力、以养殖小区为单元人保的管理模式，在石家庄市藁城、栾城等7个试点县（市）开展了奶牛互助保险试点工作。截至目前，试点涉及17个奶牛养殖小区，近5000头奶牛参保，保险金额达2500万元，[第一段]     

标准化奶牛养殖小区建设技术的研究与示范

本文以奶牛养殖小区新的生产工艺流程和标准化建设为切入点,以甘肃省临泽县平川镇芦湾村奶牛养殖小区为示范点进行了研究。按照当前奶牛规模化养殖基础与现行标准设计,标准化奶牛养殖小区每户年存栏奶牛30头,每户年可实现纯收入8.1万元。本小区建设模式概括为＂51266＂模式,即小区占地50亩,建设1座挤奶厅,容纳20个养殖单元,存栏奶牛600头,实行＂六统一＂管理。     

奶牛小区向牧场转型建设的积极意义与运作模式

2008年三聚氰胺事件是石家庄市奶业发展的转折点。为实现奶业振兴计划,营造奶业良好的发展环境,石家庄市积极按照农业部奶业振兴纲要和《河北省人民政府关于大力整顿奶业秩序促进奶业健康发展的意见》(冀政〔2008〕91号)的要求,大力推进奶牛的规模化养殖,加快奶业生产结构的调整,加快转变奶业发展方式,将养殖重心由单纯追求数量增长向追求质量要效益转移。在市政府的大力支持下,通过多方不懈的努力,到2009年底全部实现了"散养入区、挤奶进厅、站企挂钩、全程监管"目标,基本实现了奶牛养殖的规模化。     

奶牛养殖小区疫病防控的建议与对策

随着现代化畜牧业的发展,奶牛标准化养殖小区成为养殖模式的一个重要形式,养殖小区的增多,养殖数量的增大,疫病问题也日益增加,本文从疫病防治、监管、人员等方面展开论述,对奶牛养殖小区疫病防控进行了探讨,已达到预防为主,促进健康养殖的目的。     

呼和浩特推广新型养殖模式

今年内蒙古呼和浩特市以推进奶牛、肉羊、生猪和禽蛋标准化、规模化养殖场（小区）建设为重点,引导农民从分散的家庭饲养向规模化园区养殖模式转变。其中在奶牛养殖方面继续实施＂百、千、万＂工程,推广奶联社等新型养殖模式,支持奶牛牧场园区建设。     

安徽淮南奶品产量占省内两成

近年来,安徽淮南以奶牛扩群工程为着力点,积极推动奶业发展,形成了以安徽益益乳业为龙头,辐射九龙岗、洛河等乡镇的大通区奶业集群基地,奶类产品产量已占全省总量的1/5以上。该集群年销售收入达2亿元以上。为推进＂奶牛扩群＂向＂奶业集群＂升级,该市一是抓＂牛头＂,扶持奶牛养殖产业化发展,培育奶牛养殖企业11家。二是扩＂牛群＂,投资6 000万元,建成奶牛规模养殖场5家。三是建＂牛市＂,建立生鲜乳收购站8个,设立鲜奶吧4个、连锁直销店（点）500多个。     

2011年河北省奶牛不同养殖模式生产管理状况调研报告

河北省是我国奶业的三大主产省之一,奶牛存栏和生鲜乳产量占全国总量的比重均超过了10%。河北省,特别是石家庄市在经历了2008年的"婴幼儿奶粉事件"后,奶牛的生产管理现状如何,不同养殖模式的情况又如何?为了摸清河北省的奶牛养殖和奶站质量安全监管状况,本调研组在河北省奶业管理部门的协助下,组织召开了石家庄市奶牛生产情况座谈会,与相关管理部门负责人、乳品企业奶源部负责人、奶牛养殖小区负责人和养殖户代表进行了座谈。另外,还走访了石家庄市赵县、晋州市、藁城市、元氏县,对规模养殖场、养殖小区、小区内养殖户进行了问卷调查和访谈。由于河北省散养户已基本进入小区,因此调研过程中没有就散养户的情况进行调研。现将调研结果报告如下。     

启东地区奶牛结核病和布鲁氏菌病的调查报告

近年来奶牛养殖业迅速发展,启东地区2002年奶牛养殖量为81头,2008年上升至2129头,2009年降为609头。奶牛养殖数量大、成本高、规模化,若发生奶牛结核病和布鲁氏菌病（简称＂两病＂）不仅影响奶牛生产性能、产奶量,更会造成经济损失,因此奶牛＂两病”防疫监测工作至关重要。     

故城奶牛三区股份制改造调查

元氏县故城奶牛生态养殖园区．位于石家庄市元氏县因村镇故城村北．该园区始建于2000年3月,占地208亩,截止目前,园区已完成投资1000万元,现存栏奶牛2800余头。园区内分养殖一区、养殖二区、养殖三区三个养殖小区。拥有三个机械化无菌挤奶厅．入住奶牛养殖专业户103户,企业职工人数达到30余名,日产鲜奶30吨。企业法人胡菊林．是一位以建设奶站起家的民营企业家。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.