乙醇提取银杏叶黄酮方法的研究

探讨了乙醇提取银杏叶黄酮的方法。试验结果表明：不同的乙醇浓度、浸提温度、浸提时间、浸提次数、固液比等对银杏叶黄酮提取效果均产生不同程度的影响，其中浓度和温度的影响达显著水平。研究认为银杏叶黄酮乙醇提取法的最佳条件为：用50倍（v／w）的90％乙醇溶液于70℃条件下提取2次，每次2h。     

金樱子黄酮类化合物提取条件研究

在60℃条件下,分别用水、不同浓度的丙酮和乙醇作溶剂来提取金樱子黄酮,通过比较提取液中金樱子黄酮含量,得出丙酮法是3种提取法中的最优方法。对丙酮法做正交实验,得到金樱子黄酮类化合物提取的优化条件。虽然乙醇法不及丙酮法效果好,但考虑到乙醇成本低、易操作,故对乙醇法也做了正交实验。结果表明,丙酮法提取金樱子黄酮类化合物的最佳条件:丙酮浓度为70%、水浴温度为50℃、固液比为1∶100、提取液中黄酮含量为0.7570mg/ml;而乙醇法最佳提取条件:乙醇浓度为60%、水浴温度为70℃、固液比为1∶150、提取液中黄酮含量为0.7030mg/ml。     

多指标优化提取地榆有效成分工艺研究

采用加热回流方法提取地榆中的有效成分,分别以地榆中黄酮、皂苷和鞣质提取率为指标,考察同时提取这三种成分的影响因素（乙醇浓度、溶剂倍量、提取时间、提取温度和粒径）和最佳提取条件。结果表明,以60%乙醇为溶剂,药材粉碎粒径为20～40目,溶剂倍量为60,80℃下浸提1.5h的条件下提取效果最佳,在此条件下能够最好的兼顾三种有效成分的综合提取效率。     

水杉叶浸提液对银杏苗生理生化的化感效应

以水杉叶水浸提液为供体,银杏幼苗为受体,研究银杏幼苗对水杉叶浸提液添加的生理响应,结果表明:(1)银杏叶中可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量在低浓度水杉叶浸提液处理中低于对照,但随着添加浓度的升高而升高;银杏叶中游离脯氨酸、总黄酮含量及黄酮清除DPPH自由基能力随着浓度的升高呈"升高-降低"的变化趋势,其中T2处理的3个指标最高...     

“青引”燕麦中皂甙提取工艺研究

研究利用索氏浸提法提取燕麦中皂甙工艺条件。以乙醇-正丁醇为溶剂,以皂甙RC为标准品,采用分光光度法定量分析燕麦提取液中总皂甙含量,采用正交试验对料液比、乙醇浓度、浸提温度对提取率的影响。结果表明,正交试验最佳提取条件为料液比：1∶7;乙醇浓度：70%;浸提温度：70℃,提取率为1.716%;主次顺序依次为：料液比〉浸提温度〉乙醇浓度。该方法操作方便,简单易行,具有推广应用价值。     

正交设计法优化沙棘果渣中总黄酮的提取工艺

研究了从沙棘果渣中提取总黄酮的工艺,考察了提取溶剂、乙醇浓度、提取温度、提取时间及剂量对提取效果的影响,最后通过正交实验确定了最佳工艺条件;80℃下采用60%的乙醇浸提,固液比1:7,回流提取3次,每次1h.     

败酱黄酮类化合物的提取条件研究

在60℃条件下,分别采用水、不同浓度的醇和丙酮提取败酱中黄酮类化合物,通过比较提取液中黄酮的含量,得出最好提取方法是丙酮法。对丙酮法设计正交实验,得出最佳条件。考虑乙醇法和丙酮法黄酮得率差异不大,且乙醇成本低、易操作,比丙酮安全,故对乙醇提取法亦做正交实验。结果表明：丙酮法的最佳条件：丙酮浓度为80%、固液比1∶60、水浴温度80℃;乙醇法的最佳条件：乙醇浓度为70%、固液比1∶40、水浴温度70℃。     

不同工艺提取栀子黄色素的比较研究

比较研究了热提取、超声波提取、微波提取3种不同工艺对栀子黄色素提取效果的影响.热浸提正交试验的最佳工艺条件:70%的乙醇(体积分数,下同)提取1.5 h,提取温度30 ℃,料液比1:25(g:mL,下同),产品的色价为66.45.超声波提取正交试验的最佳工艺条件:80%的乙醇提取20 min,料液比1:20,产品的色价为87.77.微波提取单因素试验的最佳工艺条件:提取功率800 W,用50%乙醇提取30 min,提取温度50 ℃,料液比1:5,色价为64.14.结果表明:热浸提、超声波提取、微波提取3种方法提取栀子黄色素的色价明显不同,超声波提取的效果最好.     

基于响应面分析法对绿茶中黄酮提取工艺的优化

为了优化茶叶中黄酮的提取工艺,以炒青绿茶为原料,乙醇为提取溶剂,采用响应面分析法对影响绿茶中黄酮提取效率的4个因素提取时间、提取温度、乙醇体积分数和液固比进行了研究,并建立数学模型。试验结果表明,液固比和乙醇体积分数是影响绿茶黄酮提取效果的主要因子;黄酮提取率（R）与液固比（C）,乙醇体积分数（D）,提取温度的二次项（B2）,液固比的二次项（C2）,乙醇体积分数的二次项（D2）的数学模型为R=0.970＋0.190C＋0.089D＋0.030CD-0.120B2-0.230C2-0.230D2;最佳的提取工艺为：提取时间2.48 h,提取温度70.6℃,乙醇体积分数62.1%,液固比（mL/g）17.65,最大提取率为1.03%。     

香椿嫩枝叶总黄酮最佳提取工艺的研究

用不同体积分数乙醇提取香椿嫩枝叶黄酮，结果显示乙醇不同体积分数对黄酮的得率有显著影响。通过正交实验，在不同乙醇体积分数（60%、70%、80%）、不同料液比（1:8.1：10、1：12）、不同温度（50、70、90℃）和不同提取时间（1、2、3h）条件下，得出香椿嫩枝叶黄酮提取最佳条件为：在50℃条件下乙醇体积分数70%，料液比1：12，热提1h。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.