吩嗪类化合物对梨火疫病菌的抗菌活性研究

由解淀粉欧文氏菌Erwinia amylovora引起的梨火疫病是危害梨、苹果等蔷薇科果树的一种重要细菌病害,在世界范围内造成严重损失,是果树上重要的防控对象。药剂防治是控制梨火疫病传播蔓延的一种重要手段。吩嗪类化合物是绿针假单胞菌Pseudomonas chlororaphis和抗生素溶杆菌Lysobacter antibioticus等生防细菌产生的抗菌活性物质,在农药、医药等领域有广阔的应用前景。为明确吩嗪类化合物对梨火疫病菌的抗菌活性,本研究通过测定含不同浓度药剂的菌悬液OD600的方法,评价了本课题组分离的5个吩嗪类化合物以及常见的抗细菌药剂对梨火疫病菌的室内抗菌活性。结果表明,堆囊粘菌素(myxin)和吩嗪-1-羧酸(PCA)活性较好,EC50分别为 7.20 μg/mL 和46.41 μg/mL。中生菌素、噻霉酮、春雷霉素等药剂EC50为7.21～50.74 μg/mL。进一步对活性较好的药剂进行了复配筛选,结果显示,吩嗪-1-羧酸∶中生菌素=9∶1复配组合的EC50为27.15 μg/mL,增效系数为1.28,表现了一定的相加作用。本研究明确了5个吩嗪化合物对梨火疫病菌的抗菌活性,为扩充梨火疫病防治药剂种类、开发利用吩嗪类化合物提供了参考。     

葡萄炭疽病菌对甲基硫菌灵、戊唑醇和醚菌酯的敏感性检测

采用菌丝生长法检测了78株采自浙江省杭州、嵊州和嘉兴 3地的葡萄炭疽病菌 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides 对甲基硫菌灵、戊唑醇和醚菌酯的敏感性。结果表明:供试病菌已对甲基硫菌灵产生了严重的抗药性,抗性频率为51.3%,且均为高水平抗药性菌株;78个供试菌株对戊唑醇的EC50值在0.04～21.56 μg/mL之间,平均为1.63 μg/mL,其中L-58菌株的敏感性最低,EC50值为21.6 μg/mL。旁路氧化酶抑制剂水杨肟酸(SHAM)处理对醚菌酯抑制葡萄炭疽病菌菌丝生长的活性表现出明显的增效作用:无SHAM存在时,醚菌酯抑制菌丝生长的EC50(EC50Q)值在0.03～436.55 μg/mL之间,平均为27.77 μg/mL;当SHAM的处理质量浓度为50 μg/mL时,EC50(EC50Q+S)值在0.01～15.20 μg/mL 之间,平均为4.40 μg/mL。旁路氧化的相对贡献值 F 最低为0,最高为155.47,平均为20.09。     

番茄叶霉病菌对嘧菌酯的抗性检测及抗性风险评估

利用孢子萌发法测定了从河北、浙江、江苏、山东、四川等省田间采集的97个番茄叶霉病菌菌株对嘧菌酯的敏感性。结果表明,田间番茄叶霉病菌已对嘧菌酯产生不同程度的抗药性。97个菌株可分为敏感菌株(EC50值50值5.4~54 μg/mL),中抗菌株(EC50值54~270 μg/mL)、高抗菌株(EC50值270~1 350 μg/mL)、特高抗菌株(EC50值>1 350 μg/mL) 5种类型,分别占55.67%、14.43%、11.34%、10.31%和8.25%。其中从未用过甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂的27个菌株的EC50平均值为(0.544±0.349) μg/mL,可作为敏感基残;高抗和特高抗菌株集中在常施用甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂的河北定州。通过紫外线诱导和药剂驯化的方法获得了番茄叶霉病菌5个抗嘧菌酯突变体,其抗药性不稳定,在不含药PDA平板上继代培养后抗药性水平下降,甚至恢复至敏感状态;除突变体cf 21M1的产孢量高于其亲本外,抗药性突变体的菌落生长速率、产孢量、孢子萌发率均显著低于其亲本菌株,所有抗嘧菌酯突变体及其亲本菌株接种于番茄离体叶片后,突变体病情指数与亲本菌株之间没有显著差异。嘧菌酯与多菌灵、苯醚甲环唑之间不存在交互抗药性。田间抗药性检测及室内抗药性风险评估结果表明,番茄叶霉病菌对嘧菌酯具有较高的抗药性风险。     

辽宁省稻瘟病菌对咪鲜胺敏感基线的建立

2011年从辽宁省不同地区采集分离了81株稻瘟病菌Magnaporthe grisea,利用菌丝生长速率法分别测定了其对咪鲜胺的敏感性。结果表明:供试菌株中最敏感菌株的EC50值为0.008 8 μg/mL,最不敏感菌株的EC50值为0.178 0 μg/mL,敏感性差异达19倍。供试菌株敏感性频率呈近似正态分布,初步确定将所有菌株的EC50平均值0.071 0 μg/mL±0.041 0 μg/mL作为辽宁省稻瘟病菌对咪鲜胺的敏感基线。     

6种杀菌剂对梨火疫病菌的室内毒力测定和混配试验

梨火疫病是梨、苹果等蔷薇科仁果类植物上的一种毁灭性细菌病害。为筛选新的有效防治药剂,本研究采用比浊法测定了6种杀菌剂对梨火疫病菌的毒力,并测定了这6种杀菌剂混配成的7类35种混剂的毒力,将3种具有增效作用的混剂及4种组成混剂的单剂在盆栽杜梨苗上进行防效测定。结果表明,6种杀菌剂对梨火疫病菌均有毒力,毒力最强的是丙硫唑,EC50为0.02 mg/L;35种混剂中有9种具有增效作用,其中增效作用最强的是春雷霉素∶喹啉铜=1∶9,CTC值为184。3种混剂在盆栽苗上防效显著高于4种单剂,效果最好的是40%春雷·噻唑锌悬浮剂。本研究结果对创制新的梨火疫病防治复配药剂提供了借鉴。     

江西省番茄绵疫病菌的交配型及对甲霜灵敏感性测定

为明确江西番茄绵疫病菌的类别和抗药性水平, 采用单孢菌落直接配对法和菌落生长量法, 测定2018年-2019年江西番茄主产区绵疫病菌的交配型及其对甲霜灵的敏感性。结果表明, 江西番茄绵疫病菌存在A2和A0交配型, 发生频率分别为86.2%和13.8%, 未检测到其他交配型, 且A2交配型在各个产区均有分布。58株番茄绵疫病菌株对甲霜灵的EC50范围为0.602 9~3.313 3 μg/mL, 平均EC50为1.372 7 μg/mL, 最不敏感菌株EC50值为最敏感菌株的5.5倍, 差异较为明显。3个菌株对甲霜灵达到中抗水平, 占供试菌株的5.17%, 病原菌对甲霜灵的抗性水平上升, 亟须加强药剂的轮换或替代。     

小麦白粉病菌对氟唑菌酰羟胺的敏感基线建立

氟唑菌酰羟胺是一种新型琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂(succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor, SDHI)类杀菌剂,2019年在我国登记在小麦上防治赤霉病,为明确其对小麦白粉病的潜在防治效果,以及为监测小麦白粉病菌群体对其是否产生抗药性,本文采用离体叶段法测定了2000年前和2019年采自我国河南、山东等9省市的110株小麦白粉病菌菌株对氟唑菌酰羟胺的敏感性。结果表明,采自2019年的88株菌株,其EC50范围为0.010 2~0.766 8 μg/mL,平均EC50为(0.224 3±0.179 6)μg/mL;采自2000年前的22株菌株,其EC50范围为0.052 1~0.882 4 μg/mL,平均EC50为(0.356 3±0.279 6)μg/mL;两组菌株群体间的敏感性无显著差异。氟唑菌酰羟胺对110株菌株的EC50范围为0.010 2~0.882 4 μg/mL,平均EC50为(0.250 7±0.210 3)μg/mL,敏感性频率分布呈单峰曲线,可作为小麦白粉病菌对氟唑菌酰羟胺的敏感基线。本研究结果可为氟唑菌酰羟胺防治小麦白粉病以及未来监测该病原菌对药剂的抗性提供参考依据。     

四种替代药剂对梨火疫病菌的抑制活性及其田间防效

为筛选农用链霉素替代药剂,以其为对照药剂,测定春雷霉素、中生菌素、噻霉酮和噻菌铜这4种常用细菌病害防治药剂对梨火疫病菌Erwinia amylovora的抑制活性、对梨火疫病的田间防效及不同药剂处理后梨中的农药残留,并对这4种药剂的作物安全性进行评价。结果表明,中生菌素、噻霉酮和春雷霉素对梨火疫病菌有抑制作用,抑制中浓度EC50分别为1.60、6.64和60.57 mg/L,中生菌素的抑制效果高于链霉素。在连续2年田间试验中,中生菌素1 000倍液和春雷霉素400倍液对梨火疫病的保护效果和治疗效果均达90.33%以上,噻霉酮500倍液和噻菌铜200倍液对梨火疫病的保护效果均达100.00%,治疗效果均超过86.97%,与对照药剂农用链霉素2 000倍液的效果相当。所有药剂处理后均未检出中生菌素、春雷霉素、高效氯氰菊酯和农用链霉素的农药残留,而噻虫嗪、阿维菌素和矮壮素虽有检出,但其残留量均低于国家限量标准。花期前后、幼果期和果实膨大期施药,中生菌素、春雷霉素、噻霉酮和噻菌铜对梨花、叶片、枝梢及果实生长均无不良影响。综合来看,中生菌素、春雷霉素、噻霉酮和噻菌铜均可作为农用链霉素的替代药剂,...     

三种羧酸酰胺类杀菌剂对黄瓜疫霉菌不同发育阶段的影响及其敏感性测定

离体条件下测定了3种羧酸酰胺类(Carboxylic acid amides,CAAs)杀菌剂氟吗啉、烯酰吗啉和异丙菌胺对黄瓜疫霉菌不同生长发育阶段的抑制作用。结果表明,3种杀菌剂抑制黄瓜疫霉菌休止孢萌发的EC50值分别为0.54,0.46和 0.34 μg/mL;抑制菌丝生长的EC50值分别为0.92,0.70和0.67 μg/mL;抑制孢子囊形成的EC50值分别为0.48,0.31和0.26 μg/mL。但对游动孢子的释放、游动及休止孢的形成均没有抑制作用。氟吗啉、烯酰吗啉和异丙菌胺抑制田间采集的供试菌株菌丝生长的平均EC50值分别为1.09(±0.24),0.29(±0.04)和0.32 (±0.07) μg/mL,供试菌株对3种杀菌剂的敏感性均呈正态分布,未检测到抗药性菌株的存在。     

江西省辣椒疫霉生理小种构成及其对烯酰吗啉的敏感性分析

为了明确江西省辣椒疫霉对烯酰吗啉的抗药性风险,采用灌根法鉴定了108个江西辣椒疫霉菌株的生理小种,并采用菌丝生长速率法测定了江西省辣椒疫霉对烯酰吗啉的敏感性.结果表明,菌株LP20、LP38和LP48属于生理小种3,占测定菌株总数的2.8％,其余菌株属于生理小种2,占测定菌株总数的97.2％,为优势生理小种,且未发现生理小种1.烯酰吗啉抑制辣椒疫霉菌丝生长的EC50值范围为0.1149～0.2868 μg/mL,最不敏感菌株的EC50值为最敏感菌株的2.49倍.不同地区的菌株对烯酰吗啉的敏感性差异不大,崇义的菌株平均EC50值最低,为0.1367 μg/mL,分布范围为0.1213 ～0.1462 μg/mL;吉水的菌株平均EC50值最高,为0.2185 μg/mL,分布范围为0.1805 ～0.2835 μg/mL.     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.