艾比湖湿地土壤纤维素降解菌筛选及酶活测定

筛选了采自新疆艾比湖湿地的土壤中的纤维素降解菌,并测定了其中具有较高降解效率的8株菌的纤维素酶活。结果表明:经过初筛分离纯化后,共得到纤维素降解菌74株菌,属26个种,筛到的厚壁菌门Firmicutes芽孢杆菌属Bacillus细菌最多,有14个种,菌株13C12(Bacillus aquimaris)的纤维素酶活最高,滤纸酶(FPase)活为21.4U/mL,内切葡聚糖酶酶活达37.4U/mL,外切葡聚糖酶(Avicelase)为19.2U/mL,β-葡萄糖苷酶酶活为24.6U/mL,Bacillus aquimaris可尝试作为工业产酶菌株进行后续试验。     

白蚁肠细菌B99菌株降解纤维素酶的初步研究

从白蚁肠中分离筛选了细菌B99菌株，从培养性状及初步显微鉴定为芽胞杆菌类细菌。对该菌株进行滤纸降解观察及测定，其滤纸降解强度达8.9％(校正值)；刚果红法初步证明B99菌株能降解利用纤维素；用五种不同培养基质培养B99菌株，并分别测定其生长量，其中以滤纸为主要基质的培养液中，最高可检测到0.3×107cfu／ml菌体量。     

白蚁肠细菌B99菌株降解纤维素的初步研究

从白蚁肠中分离筛选了细菌 B99菌株 ,从培养性状及初步显微鉴定为芽胞杆菌类细菌。对该菌株进行滤纸降解观察及测定 ,其滤纸降解强度达 8.9% (校正值 ) ;刚果红法初步证明 B99菌株能降解利用纤维素 ;用五种不同培养基质培养 B99菌株 ,并分别测定其生长量 ,其中以滤纸为主要基质的培养液中 ,最高可检测到 0 .3× 1 0 7cfu/ ml菌体量。     

侧耳菌GH196木质纤维素降解酶系的研究

以一株从腐朽竹子上分离得到的侧耳菌(Pleurotus sp.)GH196为产酶菌,研究了其在静置和振荡两种液体培养方式下的木质纤维素降解酶系的产生.结果表明在含有稻草和麦麸的液体培养基中生长,可以产生木聚糖酶、纤维素酶和依赖锰过氧化物酶-漆酶型(MnPLaccas型)木质素降解酶.振荡条件可以促进菌丝生长,有利于多糖水解酶的产生,其中以木聚糖酶的合成为主;150r/min振荡培养5 d,木聚糖酶酶活达到44.7 U/mL.     

里氏木霉Rut—30产纤维素酶发酵条件的优化

采用单因素试验、正交试验设计对产纤维素酶的里氏木霉RutC—30菌株进行了液体摇瓶发酵条件优化实验。结果表明,在pH为4.8、每50 mL发酵液接种2.5 mL菌种时,里氏木霉RutC—30菌株产酶发酵最优培养条件是:工业纤维素30 g/L、(NH4)2SO412 g/L、Mandels营养盐浓缩液125 mL/L。在此条件下,发酵产生的纤维素酶滤纸酶活达到4.845 U.m L-1,相对于微晶纤维素碳源提高了49.6%。同时,在本实验中还发现里氏木霉RutC—30菌株的生长与产酶存在着偶联性。通过优化实验,里氏木霉RutC—30菌株达到了比较高的产纤维素酶能力,为纤维素酶进一步工业化生产奠定了一定基础。     

异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌Bacillus sp.JB4的分离鉴定试验

采用异养硝化培养基与BTB培养基分离筛选到了一株异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌JB4,通过形态观察、生理生化鉴定及16SrDNA序列测定,初步鉴定JB4为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)。试验结果表明:该菌株JB4具有良好的异养硝化-好氧反硝化能力,12h内氨氮去除率为76.95%~84.58%,亚硝态氮的积累量小于1.83mg/L。     

纤维降解高温微生物的产酶特性研究

对分离的一株高温好氧微生物曲霉与嗜热侧孢霉及木霉的产酶特性进行了比较.利用固体培养方法,研究了该株曲霉与嗜热侧孢霉和木霉的产纤维素酶、木聚糖酶和CMC酶的活性.结果表明,实验条件下,所用菌株中嗜热侧孢霉具有最高的木聚糖酶活性(164.4U/g),木霉具有最高的纤维素酶活性和CMC酶活性(分别为12.1和77.2 U/g),同时曲霉和嗜热侧孢霉也具有较高的纤维素酶活性和CMC酶活性,所用曲霉和嗜热侧孢霉一样,适合作纤维降解的微生物.     

西双版纳热区木霉的分离及抑菌活性初步研究

对采自西双版纳热区枯枝落叶上的木霉进行分离,共获得19株木霉(Trichoderma spp.)。抑菌活性测定结果表明,19株木霉的发酵液对3种病原真菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum,Botrytiscinerea Pers.,Colletotrichum sp.)均具有不同程度的抑制作用,其中菌株SWFC1291对3种病原真菌的抑菌率均超过了80%;SWFC1511对Botrytiscinerea Pers.的抑菌率达90%。19株木霉中,SWFC2470对红酵母(Rhodotorulasp.)的抑制效果较好,抑菌圈直径达到了2.65cm;SWFC2397,SWFC2470,SWFC3499和SWFC3568这4株菌对大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)的抑制作用明显,其中SWFC3568的抑菌圈达到了1.60 cm。SWFC1925和SWFC2470两个菌株对红酵母和大肠杆菌均具有抑菌活性,其中SWFC2470菌株对两种菌的抑制作用较强。     

侧耳菌GH196木质纤维素降解酶系的研究

以一株从腐朽竹子上分离得到的侧耳菌（Pleurotus sp．）GH196为产酶菌，研究了其在静置和振荡两种液体培养方式下的木质纤维素降解酶系的产生。结果表明：在含有稻草和麦麸的液体培养基中生长，可以产生木聚糖酶、纤维素酶和依赖锰过氧化物酶-漆酶型（MnPLaccas型）木质素降解酶。振荡条件可以促进菌丝生长，有利于多糖水解酶的产生，其中以木聚糖酶的合成为主；150r／min振荡培养5d，木聚糖酶酶活达到44．7U／mL。     

混菌固态发酵生产纤维素酶的研究

采用固态发酵试验,以羧甲基纤维素酶(CMC)酶活力和滤纸酶(FPA)酶活力为指标,筛选组建二元混菌体系;并通过正交试验,对混菌体系纤维素酶固态发酵条件进行了研究。结果表明,二元混菌体系黑曲霉和绿色木霉混合发酵时纤维素酶活力较单菌发酵大幅度提高,最佳产酶条件:颗粒度为0.246,底物配比为1∶4,培养基起始pH为5,混合菌种配比为1∶1,FPA酶产酶高峰出现在5d,CMC酶产酶高峰在7d,较单菌绿色木霉发酵分别提高了48.9%和43.4%。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.