高效叶面肥“三高灵”在大麦上的应用效果

试验表明，用200ml/hm^2“三高灵”对水200kg在大麦苗期叶面喷施，能促进大麦麦苗生长，冬前总苗数、成穗数、成穗率等均有所提高；用750ml／hm^2“三高灵”对水1500k在大麦孕穗期叶面喷施，可促进大麦籽粒灌浆充实，每穗实粒数比对照增加0．3～2．1粒，千粒重增加0．3～1．5g。“三高灵”分别在苗期和孕穗期叶面喷施效果最好，大麦单产4326．2kg／hm^2，比喷施“活力素”的常规对照增产455．8kg／hm^2，纯收益增加438．5元／hm^2，产投比高1．07。     

高效叶面肥"三高灵"在大麦上的应用效果

试验表明,用200ml/hm2"三高灵"对水200kg在大麦苗期叶面喷施,能促进大麦麦苗生长,冬前总苗数、成穗数、成穗率等均有所提高;用750ml/hm2"三高灵"对水1 500kg在大麦孕穗期叶面喷施,可促进大麦籽粒灌浆充实,每穗实粒数比对照增加0.3～2.1粒,千粒重增加0.3～1.5g."三高灵"分别在苗期和孕穗期叶面喷施效果最好,大麦单产4 326.2kg/hm2,比喷施"活力素"的常规对照增产455.8kg/hm2,纯收益增加438.5元/hm2,产投比高1.07.     

再生稻喷施移栽灵的增产效应

植物抗逆诱导剂移栽灵，在烂泥田再生稻移栽后10～20d喷施一或二次，显著促进苗期生长，穗数增加，头季增产9％～11％，喷施二次的还有促进再生分蘖萌发和生长的后效，再生季增产18％；在灰泥田再生稻拔节～孕穗期喷施一次或二次，显著促进幼穗发育．每穗粒数增多，头季增产9％～11％，喷施二次或在孕穗期喷施的．还有促进再生分蘖萌发和生长的后效，再生季增产12％～15％。     

MFB多功能抗旱剂对小麦产量与品质的影响

试验结果表明,小麦拔节期叶面喷施ＭＦＢ多功能抗旱剂可使小麦产量提高６．８％－２２．９％,平均增产达１３．９５％,与对照相比差异显著。喷施ＭＦＢ多功能抗旱剂还可改善小麦籽粒营养品质,与对照相比,小麦粗蛋白含量、面筋含量和赖氨酸含量分别增加０．９８、３．７７和０．０７个百分点。小麦增产的原因是喷施ＭＦＢ多功能抗旱剂可使小麦千粒重、穗数和穗粒数增加,并使小麦抗逆性增强。     

"施丰乐"在大麦新品种闽麦02上的应用效果

采用“施丰乐”1 g/666.7 m2,配成40 mg/kg水溶液,在大麦新品种闽麦02上喷施,能有效提早大麦成熟期、增加籽粒产量。其中在分蘖期1次性喷施,主要是通过增加单位面积上的有效穗而获得增产;而在孕穗期1次性喷施、或在分蘖期、孕穗期分2次喷施,则主要通过增加穗粒数和千粒重而获得增产。且后两者均比前者喷施的效果更好、增产更显著,而后两者间的增产幅度相近,差异不显著。     

水稻施用微量元素肥料的研究

在现有施肥水平上，研究微量元素肥料对水稻再高产的施用技术。结果表明，0．05％钼酸铵溶液于插秧前浇灌苗根，可使水稻增产16．5％；1％硫酸锌溶液于水稻穗分化始期叶面喷施，使每穗粒数增加，增产9．9％；0．1％硼酸溶液于齐穗期叶面喷施，能提高千粒重，稻谷增产4．4％。     

不同生育时期叶面喷施奇善宝对冬小麦产量及品质的效应

为了解海洋寡糖复合制剂奇善宝在小麦上的应用效果,2011-2013年以小麦品种中麦349为材料,研究了返青、拔节和孕穗期叶面喷施奇善宝对冬小麦产量及品质的影响。结果表明,叶面喷施奇善宝使冬小麦增产2.9%~11.3%,效果明显,增产的主因是显著增加了穗粒数和千粒重。喷施奇善宝对冬小麦部分品质性状影响显著,其中使籽粒容重、硬度、蛋白质含量和面粉湿面筋含量分别较对照提高0.1%~0.8%、1.0%~5.3%、0.3%~3.3%和0.4%~5.1%,使面团稳定时间和延展性分别下降3.5%~5.8%和2.3%~5.2%。增产效果以返青期和拔节期喷施最佳,返青期喷施对改善品质效果最佳。     

氯化胆碱对小麦茎蘖穗发育的调控及产量的影响

采用微区及田间小区试验相结合的方法，研究了氯化碱对小麦茎蘖穗期籽粒发育及产量的影响。结果表明，在孕穗期，抽穗始期和开花结实期分另喷施５００，１０００及１５００ｍｇ／Ｌ氯化胆碱后，小麦籽粒产量均有不同程度的增加，其中，以孕穗期和抽穗始期喷施１０００与１５００ｍｇ／Ｌ效果最为显著，对其产量构成的分析表明，粒重及茎蘖穗粒数的增加，尤其是分蘖穗粒数的增加是增产的主要原因。     

硅锌肥及其施用方式对南粳46产量和稻米品质的影响

【目的】比较硅锌肥及其施用方式对南粳46稻米产量和品质的影响，为调优栽培提供参考依据。【方法】以优良食味粳稻品种南粳46为材料，倒4叶期土壤追施和孕穗期(抽穗前5～7d)叶面喷施硅肥和锌肥，设置土壤追施硅肥(Si-B)、土壤追施锌肥(Zn-B)、土壤追施硅肥+叶面喷施硅肥(Si-B+Si-L)、土壤追施锌肥+叶面喷施锌肥(Zn-B+Zn-L)、土壤追施硅肥+土壤追施锌肥(Si-B+Zn-B)、叶面喷施硅肥(Si-L)、叶面喷施锌肥(Zn-L)、叶面喷施硅肥+叶面喷施锌肥(Si-L+Zn-L)8个处理，以不施硅锌肥(CK)为对照，调查分析不同处理对南粳46籽粒产量及其构成因素、加工品质、外观品质、食味品质和香味物质2-乙酰-1-吡咯啉(2-AP)含量的影响。【结果】施用硅锌肥对南粳46均有明显的增产作用，增幅为0.8%～11.9%，增产的原因主要是增加了每穗粒数和千粒重，而对穗数和结实率没有明显影响。施用硅肥使糙米率和精米率下降，施用锌肥则使糙米率和精米率增加，施用硅肥和锌肥都可使整精米率提高，施用锌肥提高整精米率的效果比施用硅肥更明显。硅锌肥对直链淀粉含量和RVA特征值的影响随处理不同...     

施倍得高效生物菌肥在水稻上的应用效果

水稻浸种催芽后，用“施倍得”高效生物菌肥(粉剂)拌均阴干后播种；在水稻孕穗期，用100g／667m^2“施倍得”菌肥，配成1．5％浓度的肥液进行叶面喷肥。试验结果表明，处理较对照，平方米有效穗增加12穗，每穗粒数增加5粒，千粒重增加0．4g，增产稻谷68kg／667m^2。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.