冬小麦不同单位根的功能及分组的研究

应用(15)~N示踪技术研究了冬小麦不同单位根的特性、功能及对产量构成因素的影响。不同单位根的根干重、根长度及吸(15)~N量等,由下而上依次减少。各单位根吸收(15)~N后,蘖根之间,蘖蘖之间皆可互相运转,但其运转比例不同,其功能模式是:(15)~N喂全株根或专喂初生根,则先供给主茎,其次是分蘖,而且随蘖位升高而递减;喂n单位根,则先供给n单位本身(包括主茎),其次是n+2或n-2单位的蘖(同侧蘖),然后是n+1或n-1单位的蘖(对侧蘖),最后是未喂(15)~N的根系。依照各单位根的功能,小麦根可分为3组:初生根组、次生根下位组和次生根上位组。各组根吸收肥料氮量占总氮量的百分比分别是26.7％、31.4％和41.9％。各组根的主要功能是:初生根组在小麦一生中都起重要作用,但主要是促进冬前分蘖;次生根下位组对巩固分蘖,促进穗部发育起主要作用;次生根上位组对提高结实率、籽粒灌浆起决定作用。     

小麦品种耐湿性鉴定的示踪方法

利用~(32)P、~(14)C同位素示踪技术在淹水条件下测定了孕穗期小麦的根系活力及叶片C_3光合酶RubIscb活性。结果表明,不同品种间,其根系活力和Rubisco活性有显著差异。根据根系活力及叶片光合酶Rubisco活性鉴定小麦品种耐湿性结果与根据主茎绿叶数及产量性状鉴定耐湿性结果是一致的。因此,利用示踪技术评价小麦品种的耐湿性是可行的,且具有灵敏、快速、准确等优点。     

胆碱对人参碳代谢及磷吸收的影响

应用~(14)C、~(32)P示踪试验表明,4年生人参青果期喷施胆碱后,其光合速率提高14.22％;~(14)C同化产物转移率增加21.82％,~(14)C同化物在参根总皂甙中的含量(dpm)比对照增加10.66％。胆碱对人参叶面喷施磷的吸收有促进作用,磷的吸收率增加17.81％,根部~(32)P的积累增加31.2％,人参根产量提高28.7％。     

大豆叶片对多效唑的吸收、运转和分配

研究大豆叶片对~3H-MET的吸收、运转、分配规律及MET对大豆吸收~(32)P的影响表明,~3H-MET叶面施用很快被大豆吸收,施后1小时吸收量占施用量的39.17％,3小时为51.26％,6小时达61.21％,此后随着施用时间的延长。吸收能力逐渐降低,48小时达66.37％;叶片吸收的~3H-MET基本上滞留于原处理部位,占叶片吸收量的97％左右,向植株其它部位输出较少,而且主要向处理叶上部的茎和叶运转。MET叶面喷施能提高大豆植株对~(32)P的吸收和增加单株干重。     

BA对花生叶片吸收~(14)C-蔗糖及其分布的影响

花生叶圆片通过主动吸收和被动吸收方式吸收~(14)C-蔗糖。BA处理提高花生叶圆片对~(14)C-蔗糖的总吸收量,主要在于增加了细胞质和液泡的主动吸收和被动吸收量。BA处理促进库叶积累~(14)C-蔗糖和从标记叶(源叶)输出~(14)C-蔗糖。BA处理对花生叶片光合速率和叶绿素含量无明显影响,它的作用在于促进库叶对~(14)C-蔗糖的吸收和~(14)C-蔗糖从库叶韧皮部的卸出。     

水稻对~(134)Cs的吸收和~(134)Cs在水稻-土壤中的分配

试验表明,水稻对~(134)Cs的吸收,孕穗期吸收速率最快;土壤理化性质不同,吸附~(134)Cs的能力有差异;不同生育期灌溉~(134)Cs溶液,水稻对其吸收量不同,离成熟期近,吸收得多;灌溉次数多和灌溉水中~(134)Cs活度高,水稻吸收的~(134)Cs也多。糙米经精白加工后,可使~(134)Cs的污染减少22.6—45.6％;~(134)CS在水稻各部位比活度大小的顺序为糠>根>稻草>谷壳>精白米;活度以稻草中最高,占水稻植株总活度的51.4％,糙米、根和谷壳分别占28.4％。11.8％和8.4％:~(134)Cs在土壤中移动很少,有95.1％集中在0—2.5cm的表土层内;~(134)Cs在水稻-土壤中的分配为6.1％:93.9％;K~+抑制水稻对~(134)Cs的吸收,K~+浓度与水稻中~(134)Cs比活度之间呈指数回归形式。     

~(125)I对农作物污染的研究

本文研究了~(125)I对玉米、小麦、大麦等5种作物幼苗,及植物叶片,卒孕—抽穗期水稻,结荚期大豆,抽穗期冬麦,开花期豌豆等的污染。结果表明,在相同污染条件下,各种植物幼苗被污染的水平不同,~(125)I可由污染叶片向新生叶片、豆荚、根部转移,也可由茎表面横向转移至内部,~(125)地可由土表向深层移动。     

大麦叶片~(14)C-同化物在不同时空状态下输出变化的研究

本文应用~(14)C-示踪技术研究了大麦叶片~(14)C-同化物在不同时空状态下输出的变化。结果发现,在不同空间序列的叶片,随叶位上升,~(14)C-同化物的输出量逐渐增加,同化~(14)CO_2后不同时间观察,趋势相同;1天内不同时间同化的~(14)C产物的输出量表现不同,8:00同化的~(14)C产物的输出量高于12:00和18:00同化的~(14)C产物输出量;随叶位上升,不同时间同化的~(14)C产物输出量增多,叶位间差异还表现为随叶位上升,早、中、晚3个时间同化的~(14)C产物输出量差异逐渐变小。     

硼磷、硼钾对棉苗吸收~(32)P和~(86)Rb的影响

在严重缺硼的灰紫色土上,应用~(32)P及~(86)Rb示踪法,研究硼磷、硼钾对棉苗吸收~(32)P、~(86)Rb及其在体内分配的影响。结果表明,在不同磷、钾水平下,低硼和高硼均对其产生抑制作用;在低硼条件下,随磷用量增如减轻棉苗缺硼症状,加速真叶生长,促进`(32)P在真叶中积累;钾用量增加,则加重缺硼症状,抑制真叶生长,促使~(86)Rb在子叶中积累。     

不同钾水平下杂交稻~(14)C-光合产物运转动力学

用~(14)CO_2饲喂杂交籼稻威优35功能叶,研究光合产物在体内的运转。结果表明,源叶光合产物的输出及库(幼叶或谷粒)同化物输入的百分率(v)和时间(t)之间的关系均极显著地符合回归方程v=V[t+k)/[K_m+(t+k))。在分蘖期,主茎顶部完全展开叶可输出66％～79％的~(14)C-光合产物;低钾处理使源叶输出潜能和速率下降,过量钾处理加快光合产物输出速率;未展开的幼叶可输入28％～59％的~(14)C-光合产物,低钾不仅降低输入潜力,且使输入延迟。在灌浆期,剑叶可输出83％～97％的光合产物,其中77％～88％运往谷粒;低钾处理延迟光合产物输出时间,降低输出速率;过量钾处理降低输出潜力,但提高输出速率;低钾处理还降低同化物输入谷粒的比例和速率,过量钾处理降低同化物输入谷粒的比例,但提高输入速率。所以,从总体上看,低钾和过量钾处理都不利于新固定的同化物在体内的运输。     

渭北旱塬小麦根系的再生能力及其意义

在降水少、水土流失严重的渭北旱塬所进行的试验表明：经历冬、春于旱危害的小麦，分布在耕层以内的密集的根都枯黄萎缩，根表皮细胞全部破皱剥落，完全丧失了吸收功能，只有输导组织仍然健全。     

Tolerance of wheat to Russian wheat aphids: Nitrogen fertilization reduces yield loss

The influence of nitrogen nutrition and Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia Mordvilko) infestation on morphology and grain yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was studied in growth chamber experiments. Plants were grown with nutrient solution containing 100, 50, 10, or 0 percent of the normal complement of nitrogen. Plants were infested with eight apterous adult Russian wheat aphids at the flag leaf stage (approximately 53 days after planting). The aphids remained on the plant for a period of 25 days. Aphid infestation reduced mature plant height across all nutrient solution nitrogen concentrations tested. Grain yield was reduced by aphid infestation under all nutrient solution nitrogen concentrations except 0 percent. However, the percentage of yield loss caused by aphid infestation was reduced by increased levels of nitrogen in the nutrient solution. These results suggest that nitrogen fertilization might be a useful strategy for limiting yield loss caused by Russian wheat aphid in plants that are deficient in nitrogen.     

利用螯合–缓冲营养液对小麦苗期磷–锌关系的研究

采用螯合缓冲营养液培养技术（Chelator-buffer culture solution）,对小麦幼苗植株的磷锌营养进行了探讨。结果表明,高磷条件下小麦出现的缺锌黄化与磷中毒症状之间存在着明显区别,本研究结果支持高磷条件下作物出现的黄化是锌缺乏症状而非磷中毒的观点。与缺磷相比,正常供磷促进了小麦的生长,但过量磷对小麦生长有阻碍作用,而且锌的供应加剧了促进或抑制的程度。正常供应磷、锌条件下,小麦幼苗根系或地上部的磷、锌含量、吸收量及转运率均处于相对较高的水平,其余各处理则因为磷或锌供应量不适宜而使植株的磷、锌营养受到不同程度的影响。另外,磷锌相互拮抗的作用方式及大小程度不同:磷主要影响小麦根系对锌的吸收,而锌对小麦磷营养的影响主要是通过对其从根系向地上部转运的抑制来实现的;磷对锌的影响要明显大于锌对磷的影响,磷素水平在小麦的磷、锌营养平衡中起着更为重要的作用。磷锌拮抗作用只在双方供应不适宜的情况下发生,而且相互作用的方式及程度存在明显差异。     

不同磷水平下玉米和小麦植株亚细胞中镉的积累

Corn and wheat plants were grown in a nutrient culture solution at four levels of phosphorus (0,0.12,0.60 and 3.0mmol L^-1) and two levels of cadmium(0 and 4.0umol L^-1) in greenhouse for a 18-day period.The concentrations of phosphorus and cadmium in cell wall,cytoplasm and vacuoles of roots and leaves were examined by cell fractionation techniques.With increasing phosphorus in medium,the contents of P in cell wall,cytoplasm and vacuoles of corn and wheat roots and leaves increased.The highest content of P was observed in cell wall,next in vacuoles,and the lowest in cytoplasm.The wheat subcellular fractions in both roots and leaves hab higher concentrations of phosphorus than those of corn.Increasing phosphorus in medium significantly inhibited the intracellular Cd accumulation in both species,However,at P concentration up to 3.0mmol L^-1,the Cd content in cell wall was increased.Increasing phosphorus resulted in reduction of the subcellular Cd content in cell wall was increased.Increasing phosphorus resulted in reduction of the subcellualr Cd content in corn and wheat leaves.Compared with corn,the wheat roots had a higher Cd content in the cell wall and vacuoles and a lower in cytoplasm,while in leaf subcellular fractions the wheat cell had a higher Cd content in its vacuoles and a lower one in its cytoplasm,The results indicate that phosphorus may be involved in sequestration of Cd ionic activity in both cell wall and vaculoes by forming insoluble Cd phosphate.     

开花后水分亏缺对小麦生理影响与化学调控的补偿效应

旱棚PVC管栽培冬小麦“京冬 8号”试验研究结果表明 ,小麦开花后水分亏缺影响氚水 (3H2 O)在其根系和旗叶中动态、初生根和穗下节维管束特征、根系活力、叶片蒸腾速率、气孔阻力和14C同化物输出速率及比例。用植物生长延缓剂HK 6拌种和起身期叶面喷施处理 ,可增加初生根大导管和维管束鞘横截面积 ,提高根系活力 ,促进根系3H2 O的吸收和向地上部器官运输 ;增加穗下节大维管束横截面积 ,并可能促进水分向穗部运输 ;增加旗叶中气孔阻抗 ,维持适当水分蒸腾速率 ,缓解水分胁迫下叶片3H2 O的减少 ;提高单株水分利用效率 ,化学控制处理可缓解和补偿水分胁迫对小麦生理造成的不良影响 ,对小麦节水栽培和抗旱增产具有应用潜力     

叶面喷施微肥对晋南小麦产量和微量元素含量的影响

在山西临汾盆地石灰性褐土进行冬小麦田间试验,在底施NPK肥的基础上,研究了在拔节中期和抽穗前期叶面喷施锌、铁和硒对"济麦22"产量及其构成因素、成熟期地上部分各器官微量元素含量和分配比例的影响。结果表明:叶面喷施3种微肥提高了小麦产量及其构成因素,增产效果为FeSeZn,喷施铁肥与喷施清水相比差异显著;叶面喷施微肥使籽粒、茎叶和颖壳中对应微量元素的含量提高,其中喷施硒肥效果最为明显,喷施锌肥次之;籽粒对3种元素的吸收相互影响,铁对锌单向拮抗,锌与硒、铁与硒相互促进;叶面喷施微肥使锌在籽粒中分配比例稍高于茎叶+颖壳,铁在籽粒中分配比例仅6.87%~8.25%,硒在籽粒中的分配比例稍低于茎叶+颖壳。建议临汾盆地在小麦拔节中期和抽穗前期对冬小麦叶面喷施0.4%ZnSO_4·7H_2O溶液750 kg/hm~(2)和0.017%Na_2SeO_3溶液750 kg/hm~(2),可显著提高籽粒中的锌、硒含量,从而改善籽粒品质;叶面喷施0.3%FeSO_4·7H_2O溶液750 kg/hm~(2)对产量有一定的提升作用。     

Entwicklung und Ertrag von Sommerweizen in Hydrokultur unter dem Einfluß verschiedener Ernährungsbedingungen

Development and yield of spring wheat in water culture as influenced by nutrient concentration. The development of spring wheat cv. Solo grown until maturity in nutrient solutions of normal concentration changed weekly, differs from similar plants growing in soil. In experiments in which nutrient supply was reduced at different growth stages, an attempt was made to minimize the differences. These consist mainly of permanent tillering, retarded senescing of leaves and in dry matter accumulation in the grain. 1) Reducing the total nutrient supply during the grain filling period decreases the chlorophyll-con-tent of the flag-leaf at an earlier stage and hence also its ability to assimilate CO₂. This reduction in nutrient supply has thus a beneficial effect on the development of the grain by allowing a better coordination with leaf senescence and an increase in nitrogen and dry matter transfer from the flag leaf to the grain. 2) The retarded response to a reduction of the nutrient concentration points to a “luxury consumption” in the vegetative phase. This might be the reason why it was not really possible to achieve optimal timing of vegetative and generative development. 3) After examination of the effect of lowering the nutrient supply in the vegetative phase, a nutritional design for growingspring wheat in water culture was proposed. This consists of lowering the concentration to meet the needs of plants and comprises a rise and fall of the concentration (0.25,0.5, 0.75,0.5 and 0.25 of the normal conc., see fig. 4). 4) Comparing 0.4 and 0 mMol/l N during the grain filling(other nutrients supplied according to the concept outlined above), the relevance of nitrogen for the CO₂,-assimilation capacity and more obviously for the senescence of the flag leaf was shown. Nitrogen deficiency decreases the assimilation ability within a short time and depresses grain development. These findings confirm the validity of the nutritional concept proposed.     

Root architectural responses of wheat cultivars to localised phosphorus application are phenotypically similar

Differences in nutrient recovery from fertiliser bands may improve cereal variety selection. The objective of this study was to identify the variation in root plasticity across commonly grown Australian wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars in response to a phosphorus (P)‐enriched band. Ten wheat cultivars were screened for root proliferation within a 150 mg P kg⁻¹ band in P‐responsive soil. Plants were destructively harvested at the four‐leaf phenological stage and various growth parameters, including root length density (RLD), were measured on banded and uniformly adequate P treatments. All wheat cultivars increased RLD between three and nine times in the P band. However, there was no significant difference in root plasticity among the cultivars tested. Although all cultivars produced longer, though ≈ 9% thinner roots when responding to the P band, the phenotypic response was unable to compensate fully for the lower P status encountered in the soil. Despite 23% longer root lengths in the P‐band treatments, P uptake per unit root length was 78% lower than in uniformly adequate P treatments. Our results indicate that root plasticity of wheat cultivars in a P‐enriched band was phenotypically similar. Further research is necessary before selecting for wheat cultivars that respond to localised nutrient patches with increased RLD.     

地下部分隔对间作小麦养分吸收和白粉病发生的影响

通过根系分隔的盆栽试验,探讨了地下部分隔对小麦//蚕豆间作系统中小麦的养分吸收和白粉病发生的影响。结果表明:根系不分隔小麦的生物量和N、P、K吸收量均大于尼龙网分隔处理和根系完全分隔处理。根系分隔方式还影响了小麦白粉病的发生,小麦白粉病的发病率和发病指数均表现为根系不分隔(I)尼龙网分隔(M)完全分隔(P)。表明地下部的相互作用改善了小麦的生长,提高了小麦抗白粉病的能力。     

黄土塬面农林复合系统的生态位特征

 以黄土塬区农林复合系统为对象,通过调查研究林带(杨树为主)与农作物界面附近土壤中树木和小麦根系的空间分布,利用树木吸收根和小麦根系生物量计算生态位宽度、生态重叠指数和生态位相似性比例,并据此分析林木和农作物种群在水分和养分资源轴的生态位特征。小麦在40cm以上具有较大的生态位宽度,而林木在距林带1H处20cm以上土层到0.5H处60cm以上土层至林下100cm以上土层内具有较大的生态宽度,但林木在1H以内100cm土层其他空间土壤中也具有一定的生态位宽度。树木具有较大的生态位宽度,虽可利用深层土壤中的水分和养分资源,在一定程度上有助于缓解农林间作对水分和养分资源的利用性竞争,但树木居于竞争的优势者地位,形成对农作物的胁地负效应,距林带1H内林木对农作物生态位重叠,且在0.5H以内重叠较大,竞争剧烈,在此集流补水增肥有利于缓解林木胁地。