奶牛乳房炎的临床表现及黄芪中药组合方剂治疗效果分析

奶牛乳房炎是奶牛泌乳期和停乳时常患的一种疾病，临床症状可见乳房轻度发热，乳汁颜色、味道异常，泌乳减少，因疼痛拒绝挤乳，奶牛食欲减退、精神沉郁，严重者丧失泌乳性能。为提升奶牛乳房炎治疗效果，弥补西药抗生素治疗方法存在的种种弊端，本文在对奶牛乳房炎症状表现与致病原因进行分析后，提出了黄芪中药组合方剂治疗奶牛乳房炎的方法，分析其治疗效果，并进一步提出了预防措施，旨在为奶牛乳房炎防治提供一定参考。     

浅谈奶牛临床型乳房炎的诊治

乳房炎、蹄叶炎、子宫内膜炎是严重危害奶牛生产的三大疾病，而乳房炎又是这三大疾病中对奶牛危害最大、防治最难、治疗成本最高的一种疾病。特别是饲养管理较差的时候，奶牛乳房炎的发病率会显著升高，给奶牛生产带来更严重的危害，造成巨大的经济损失。据统计，昆明某规模化奶牛场在雨季乳房炎的发病率在70%以上，每个月单用来治疗乳房炎的医药费就占整个奶牛场治疗总费用的2/3。奶牛患了乳房炎以后，不仅严重危害奶牛健康，还导致产奶量下降，牛奶品质降低，甚至由于大量使用抗生素治疗而导致牛奶不能食用而废弃，给养殖户及奶牛场蒙受巨大的经济损失。因此，奶牛乳房炎的预防和治疗也成为奶牛生产中的一大难题。     

奶牛隐性乳房炎的诊疗试验

奶牛隐性乳房炎调查情况奶牛隐性乳房炎,又称非临床型乳房炎,是奶牛乳房疾病中发病较高的一种疾病,严重影响牛奶产量和品质,并潜伏着随时暴发为临床型乳房炎的危险。据国际奶牛联合会资料,奶牛患临床型乳房炎占成母牛的2％,患隐性乳房炎的母牛则高达50％。另据河南农业大学刘道钦等人报道,郑州、开封、洛阳三市患隐性乳房炎的产奶牛占成母牛的     

中草药治疗奶牛乳房炎的效果

随着我省农业产业结构的调整，奶牛业获得了前所未有的快速发展，然而奶牛乳房炎疾病极大地影响了奶牛生产性能的发挥．严重危害奶牛业的发展。2003年上半年，佳木斯市郊区群胜乡兽医站共接受患奶牛乳房炎的临床病例96例，双城市兴达动物诊所接受患奶牛乳房炎的临床病例128例，占门诊奶牛病例66．5％和68．8％。经各种治疗方法对比．虽然乳房内注入     

奶牛乳房炎的研究进展

奶牛乳房炎是危害奶牛养殖业最常见的疾病之一。全世界约有2．2亿头奶牛，其中约1／3奶牛患各种类型的乳房炎。据报道，美国每年因奶牛乳房炎造成的损失达20亿美元，而我国奶牛乳房炎的发病率则高于世界平均水平。奶牛乳房炎造成的损失约70％是由隐性乳房炎引起的产奶量下降，我国每年因隐性乳房炎造成的损失约达1．35亿元人民币。乳房炎不仅影响奶牛产奶量，造成严重的直接经济损失，而且影响乳的品质，危害人类健康，其防制问题已日益为人们所关注。     

乳清电泳在诊断奶牛隐性乳房炎上的意义

乳腺患隐性乳房炎的奶牛约占泌乳奶牛的半数以上。据国际奶牛联合会资料,奶牛患临床型乳房炎约占成年母牛的2%,而患隐性乳房炎则高达50%。据C.N.Do-bbins报道,因患隐性乳房炎(CMT检验反应强度达到“ ”者),而致产奶量下降,每头牛每年由此造成的经济损失可达270美元。我国奶牛乳房炎乳区发病率较高,每年     

奶牛初乳期的乳房炎防治

奶牛初乳期即奶牛分娩后7天以内挤奶的时期。此时如果患乳房炎，由于乳房水肿造成乳房毛细血管破裂，血细胞或血蛋白进入乳房，个别奶牛伴有乳房出血症状。如果不及时治疗，很快会使病情恶化，进一步发展为化脓性或坏疽性乳房炎。     

奶牛乳房炎防治技术

乳房炎是奶牛常见多发的一种疾病，轻者（隐性乳房炎）可使每头患牛一个泌乳期少产鲜奶380kg左右，间接经济损失700多元，隐性乳房炎占乳房炎总发病率的70％，由于其发生时乳房和乳汁均无肉眼可见明显变化，故常常被人们忽视。若隐性乳房炎患牛的自身因素、营养因素和环境因素进一步恶化，可使奶牛的机体抵抗力明显下降，则隐性乳房炎就转化为临床乳房炎，将给奶业生产造成严重的经济损失。因此，积极预防和科学治疗奶牛乳房炎已成为促进奶业发展实现奶农增收的关键，故特将近年来奶牛乳房炎防治实践的成功经验总结如下。     

贯彻防重于治的方针尽力减少奶牛乳房炎的发生

奶牛乳房炎分为传染性乳房炎与非传染性乳房炎。传染性乳房炎是由致病微生物感染乳腺组织而导致的乳房炎症。一般所说的奶牛乳房炎即属于此种，它占据乳房炎患牛的绝大多数。本文讨论的即为传染性乳房炎。对于传染性乳房炎的态度应该是预防为主，治疗为辅。搞好乳房炎的预防应该侧重于以下几个方面。     

白色念珠菌性乳房炎的诊治

泰安地区某奶牛养殖户2头奶牛患发乳房炎2个多月，使用中药和多种常规抗生素治疗均无效，本试验对无菌采集奶样进行了病原菌的分离鉴定，确诊为白色念珠菌感染；并进行药物敏感性试验，使用敏感药物酮康唑对其进行治疗，症状明显减轻，产奶量回升，但仍未恢复到患乳房炎前的产量。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.