秸秆还田条件下不同有机肥对土壤养分和冬小麦养分积累的影响

为了解秸秆还田条件下不同类型有机肥在麦田的施用效果,采用田间试验,设置T1(6 000kg·hm~(-2)玉米秸秆粉碎深翻还田)、T2(6 000kg·hm~(-2)玉米秸秆粉碎+有机肥A 1 500kg·hm~(-2)深翻还田)、T3(6 000kg·hm~(-2)玉米秸秆粉碎+有机肥B 1 500kg·hm~(-2)深翻还田)3个处理,研究了秸秆还田条件下不同类型有机肥对冬小麦越冬期、孕穗期和成熟期土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)、土壤速效养分含量、冬小麦植株养分积累量以及冬小麦产量和当季经济效益的影响。结果表明,与T1处理相比,T2处理冬小麦各生育时期土壤微生物量碳、氮、土壤矿质态氮和土壤速效钾含量、植株氮和钾的积累量、冬小麦孕穗期和成熟期土壤速效磷含量、植株磷的积累量均显著提高;冬小麦实际产量和当季相对净收益亦均显著增加,分别提高了17.5%和22.0%。T3处理冬小麦越冬期土壤微生物量碳、越冬期和孕穗期土壤微生物量氮、各生育期土壤矿质态氮和越冬期土壤速效钾、各生育期植株氮和钾的积累量、孕穗期和成熟期植株磷的积累量亦均显著提高;冬小麦实际产量提高10.3%,达显著水平,但其当季经济效益并未显著提高。本试验条件下,综合施用两种有机肥对不同指标的影响,以T2处理效果更佳。     

氮肥运筹对春玉米产量、养分吸收和转运的影响

研究氮肥不同运筹方式对玉米产量、养分吸收利用、转运及分配的影响。结果表明,基肥:拔节期:抽雄期施氮比例为3∶4∶3处理玉米产量和氮肥利用效率最高,较其他基追比例处理增产3.2%~20.5%,氮收获指数、当季回收率、农学利用率和偏生产力分别提高2.0~5.3个百分点、2.0~21.3个百分点、2.3~10.0 kg/kg和2.3~10.0 kg/kg。施氮可显著增加玉米主要生育期氮、磷、钾吸收量,并可提高玉米抽雄期氮、磷、钾养分向子粒转运和子粒养分增加量,其中基肥∶拔节期∶抽雄期施氮比例为3∶4∶3处理玉米灌浆期氮、磷、钾吸收量最高,成熟期子粒氮、磷、钾积累总量高于其他基追比例处理。相关分析结果表明,玉米各生育期氮、磷、钾吸收间存在显著或极显著的正向相关,且除苗期外,其他生育期氮、磷、钾吸收量与产量均存在极显著正相关,灌浆期氮、磷、钾吸收状况与产量相关系数最大。     

覆膜滴灌条件下磷肥后移对玉米物质生产与磷素吸收利用的调控效应

通过两年田间试验,研究覆膜滴灌等磷量投入条件下,不同施用时期及比例(P1,100%基肥;P2,40%基肥+60%拔节肥;P3,40%基肥+40%拔节肥+20%大喇叭口肥;P4,40%基肥+20%拔节肥+20%大喇叭口肥+20%开花肥)对玉米产量、物质生产与磷素吸收利用的影响。结果表明,分次施磷处理(P2、P3、P4)玉米产量均高于P1处理,P4处理玉米产量与P1处理差异达显著水平(P0.05)。施磷显著提高玉米吐丝期至成熟期干物质量和磷素吸收量,吐丝期干物质量与磷素吸收量以P1处理最高,灌浆期至成熟期干物质量与磷素吸收量以P4处理最高。     

氮肥管理对夏玉米冠层结构和氮肥吸收利用的影响

通过大田试验研究不同氮肥管理模式下夏玉米群体结构和氮肥利用情况,探索节肥、高产、高效的夏玉米氮肥管理模式。结果表明,施氮显著改善夏玉米产量因子、提高产量。氮肥适量后移显著改善穗部性状,等氮量下大喇叭口期和吐丝期均追施氮肥处理与大喇叭口期追施氮肥处理相比穗粒数提高28.5粒,收获指数提高11.3%,增产101 kg/hm2。吐丝期施氮显著增加灌浆期LAI,使LAI峰值从吐丝期后移至灌浆期。施氮肥可增加夏玉米SPAD值,大喇叭口期追施氮肥可提高各生育时期玉米SPAD值;吐丝期追施氮肥可提高株高、茎粗、穗位高。适当降低氮肥投入,氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力分别提高232.3%、60.9%;氮肥用量相同时氮肥适当后移分别提高10.5%、1.3%。吐丝期施氮增加夏玉米成熟期营养器官的氮素积累,减少子粒的氮素积累,导致氮收获指数下降。     

不同肥料分配方式下高产夏玉米氮、磷、钾吸收、积累与分配的研究

本文设置不同肥料分配方式处理，研究了高产夏玉米氮、磷、钾吸收、积累和分配的变化情况，对肥料分配方式进行了探讨。在氮、磷、钾累进吸收量上，不同处理间存在显著差异（t＝0.05），前重高于前轻，主要表现在吐丝期以前；氮、磷、钾的阶段吸收量和吸收强度，前重高于前轻，但各阶段吸收养分的相对比例和变化动态基本不受肥料分配方式的影响。本研究认为，夏玉米每公顷11250公斤产量以上水平，施肥宜采用前重方式。     

施肥量对高产夏玉米需肥规律的影响

本文研究了不同施肥量对高产夏玉米器官中氮、磷、钾的吸收、积累和分配的影响，并对施肥量问题进行了探讨。结果表明，玉米在氮、磷、钾累积吸收数量和消长速度上，高肥量处理显著高于低肥量处理(t＝0.05)。施肥量基本不影响磷和钾的吸收动态，而氮的吸收动态两处理间不一致。玉米在氮的吸收过程中，高肥量处理出现两个高峰，分别在大喇叭口期和吐丝后15天．而低肥量处理只在大喇叭口期出现一个高峰．掖单51号每公顷生产11613公斤子粒，最高需肥量N₂30.25公斤、P₂O₅104.25公斤、K₂O212.70公斤．三要素的比例为1:0.45:0.92，生产百公斤子粒所需N、P₂O₅、K₂O分别为1.983、0.898、1.832公斤．氮、磷、钾的最大吸收强度分别为4.86、2.49、7.62公斤·公顷-1·日-1，完熟期子粒中的氮、磷、钾分配率分别为58.90、82.40和12.50%．     

间作条件下玉米与马铃薯的养分利用特征

采用田间小区试验,通过2行玉米间作2行马铃薯、4行玉米间作4行马铃薯及相应单作试验,在玉米拔节期和大喇叭口期比较植株氮磷钾浓度和养分吸收量,研究玉米间作马铃薯中养分吸收和肥料利用效率的变化。结果表明,玉米大喇叭口期,间作玉米植株氮钾浓度显著低于单作(F_氮=6.608,P_氮=0.015;F_钾=5.148,P_钾=0.028),且根、茎、叶中氮磷钾浓度都低于单作处理,部分差异达到了显著水平,根对氮和磷的利用贡献大一些,茎对钾的利用贡献大。间作玉米的养分吸收量没有优势,但间作玉米单株产量极显著高于单作,产量与玉米大喇叭口期植株氮钾浓度极显著和显著负相关,表明提高玉米氮钾利用效率可促进增产。     

花后水分亏缺对夏玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响

以郑单958为试验材料,分别于吐丝至吐丝15 d、吐丝至吐丝30 d和吐丝30 d至成熟期3个时期进行水分亏缺处理(T1、T2、T3),以花后适宜水分供应为对照(CK),研究花后不同时期水分亏缺对夏玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,3个阶段的水分亏缺均使玉米产量降低,其中,T1处理的降幅最大,T3处理的降幅最小,与CK相比均达到显著性差异。T1处理下玉米的叶片衰老最快,在整个生育后期叶面积指数一直处于较低的水平;成熟期时,各处理的叶面积指数均低于CK。T1和T2处理使成熟期时的单株总干重显著下降,较CK分别下降了24.98%、29.94%。T3处理下作物的水分利用效率最高,比CK高0.5 kg/(mm·hm2);T1处理下作物的水分利用效率最低,且与CK达到显著差异。各个时期的水分胁迫均使玉米的穗粒数减少,穗长变短,穗粗降低,行粒数减少,秃尖变长,空秆率上升。     

不同施肥模式下玉米氮、磷、钾吸收利用特性研究

通过两年田间试验,研究农民习惯施肥模式与优化施肥模式对玉米产量、氮磷钾积累分配及利用的影响。结果表明,优化施肥模式的玉米产量较农民习惯施肥模式提高了9.2%和8.5%,差异达显著水平(P0.05)。施肥可显著提高玉米苗期至成熟期氮、磷、钾积累量,优化施肥模式可提高玉米灌浆期至成熟期氮、磷、钾积累量和开花期至成熟期阶段养分分配比例。与农民习惯施肥模式相比,优化施肥模式的玉米肥料吸收利用率提高50.2%,农学利用率提高51.7%,偏生产力提高36.5%,养分收获指数提高8.3%。差异均达显著水平(P0.05)。相关分析表明,玉米苗期至开花期和开花期至成熟期氮、磷、钾积累量与玉米产量间均存在显著或极显著正相关。优化施肥模式通过控制氮、磷、钾肥总量与氮肥分期调控,使玉米产量、氮磷钾养分吸收利用均优于农民习惯施肥模式。     

北方春玉米不同生育期干物质积累与氮、磷、钾含量的变化

北方春玉米在抽雄期以后大量吸收氮、磷、钾素，分别占全生育期的55.24%，64.51%，48.52%；干物质积累灌浆至成熟期占积累总量的53.20%，茎、叶、穗中先、磷、钾养分的积累高峰在抽雄期、灌浆期和成熟期。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

---

Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

---

Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.