螺旋藻添加量对凡纳对虾EPA和DHA含量的影响

在商品凡纳对虾饲料中添加不同水平(0％、0．2％、0．5％、0．8％、1．5％、3％、5％)的螺旋藻，投喂给凡纳对虾幼虾，饲养8周后测定虾体EPA、DHA含量。在0～1．5％螺旋藻添加范围内，虾体EPA的含量(Y)与螺旋藻添加量(X)呈现良好的线性关系(YEPA=2．4275X 4．5975 R^2=0．9611)，在0～0．8％的螺旋藻添加范围内，虾体中DHA的含量与螺旋藻添加量也呈显著线性相关(YDHA=4．668X 5．6545 R^2=0．9631)。结果表明：适量添加螺旋藻可以显著改善凡纳对虾EPA和DHA在总脂肪酸中含量。     

在饲料中添加包膜赖氨酸对仿刺参幼参生长、消化和体成分的影响

水温12.0～19.0 ℃,以玉米蛋白(8.2%)为蛋白源,在添加海泥、马尾藻、贝壳粉、复合矿物盐和维生素的基础饲料中添加0.0%(F0)、0.3%(F1)、0.7%(F2)、1.0%(F3)、1.4%(F4)、1.7%(F5)和2.1%(F6)的明胶包膜赖氨酸,以不同数量的贝壳粉平衡,饲喂平均体质量1.340 g的仿刺参.67 d的饲养表明,仿刺参摄食不同饲料时,成活率为96.25%～100.00%,差异不显著(P＞0.05),但特殊生长率随饲料中包膜赖氨酸添加量的增加而呈"低-高-低"的变化.仿刺参摄食添加0.7%(F2)、1.0%(F3)和1.4%(F4)包膜氨基酸的饲料时,特殊生长率和对饲料蛋白质的消化率显著(P＜0.05)和极显著(P＜0.01)高于摄食添加0.0%(F0)、0.3%(F1)、1.7%(F5)和2.1%(F6)的幼参.当基础饲料中添加0.78%的包膜赖氨酸时,仿刺参幼参生长最快.这种促生长作用与F3组(添加1.0%赖氨酸)仿刺参幼参消化道中蛋白酶活力极显著(P＜0.01)地高于其他各组有关.试验仿刺参体成分差异不显著(P＞0.05).     

饲料中添加螺旋藻对凡纳滨对虾生长、体组分的影响

系统研究了饲料中添加0～5％不同水平的螺旋藻对凡纳滨对虾生长性能与体生化组成的影响。结果表明：（1）螺旋藻能促进对虾生长,提高饲料的消化利用率,以0．8％、1．5％螺旋藻添加组凡纳滨对虾生长性能较好,试验中期、末期增重率分别达到926．10％、959．78％和4382％、4353．3％,与对照组相比,虾体增重率分别提高2．82％、6．56％和3．45％、2．77％。结合饲料利用、虾体生化组分分析结果表明,饲料中添加0．8％水平螺旋藻为最佳。凡纳滨对虾肝体指数（HSI）随螺旋藻添加量的增加呈现下降趋势。（2）在1％螺旋藻添加范围内,虾体EPA含量内（Y）与螺旋藻添加量（X）呈现良好的线性关系（YEPA=2．4275X＋4．5975,R0=0．9611）,在0．8％范围内螺旋藻,虾体中DHA、ARA的含量与螺旋藻添加量呈显著线性相关（yDHA=4．668X＋5．6545,R^2=0．9631;YARA=105．58X＋0．3241,R^2=0．9749）。（3）从虾体DHA、EPA和ARA含量分析,0．5％大蒜添加量与5％螺旋藻添加量的对虾体脂肪酸改善效果相当。     

野生黄颡鱼雌鱼产卵前后肌肉脂肪酸的组成

采用毛细管气相色谱法,对贵州锦江河繁殖期产卵前后黄颡鱼肌肉中的脂肪酸组成进行了测定。结果显示：黄颡鱼产卵前后肌肉中脂肪酸种类都比较丰富,含有有22种脂肪酸。油酸（C18：1n-9）所占比例最高,其次是软脂酸（C16：0）、硬脂酸（C18：0）和棕榈酸（C16：In-7）,分别占总脂肪酸的40．31％-43．90％、22．94％-25．05％、6．05％-7．75％、6．26％-7．00%。廿碳五烯酸（C20：5n-3,EPA）和廿二碳六烯酸（C22：6n-3,DHA）之和占4．69％～5．38％,其中EPA约占总脂肪酸的1．4％,DHA占3．6％。同产卵前相比,软脂酸（C16：0）、硬脂酸（C18：0）、亚油酸（C18：2n-6）和花生四烯酸（C20：4n-6,ARA）所占比例下降较大,而C15：0、C22：0、亚麻酸（C18：3n-3）的比例显著升高。研究表明在黄颡鱼产卵后的饲料配制中,需要适当添加脂类物质,以恢复其在产卵后的体质。     

大黄鱼仔、稚、幼鱼发育阶段的脂肪酸组成及其变化

研究了大黄鱼早期主要发育阶段（前仔鱼期、后仔鱼期、稚鱼、幼鱼）体内脂肪酸的组成及含量的变化规律,并重点比较了发病稚鱼与正常稚鱼的脂肪酸组成。用GC／MS法共检测到24种脂肪酸,且种类随发育而递增,其中饱和脂肪酸（SFA）12种,单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）6种,多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）6种。分析结果表明：大黄鱼鱼苗内源性营养阶段以饱和脂肪酸C14：0、C16：0及单不饱和脂肪酸C16：1、C18：1作为能量代谢的主要来源;必需脂肪酸C20：4（n-6）（AA）在鱼苗开口前就已存在,而DHA和EPA摄食后才被检测到,其含量受饵料种类的影响,DHA含量变化范围为7．26％～25．36％,EPA为3．41％～8．40％。与同期正常鱼苗相比,病鱼苗的主要脂肪酸DHA、EPA含量显著降低,DHA不足前者的1／3,而AA、C18：1、C18：2、C18：3含量和EPA／DHA的比值显著增加,分别是前者的1．5—3倍。导致稚鱼阶段“胀鳔病”发生的内在原因可能是DHA和EPA的缺乏以及AA偏高。研究结果为预防“胀鳔”鱼苗的发生提供了理论依据。     

花生秧部分替代马尾藻对仿刺参生长、消化的影响

利用花生秧粉替代配合饲料中的马尾藻粉,研究不同比例花生秧替代马尾藻的配合饲料对仿刺参幼参的生长和消化的影响。试验设6组,替代比例分别为0％（对照组）、8％、16％、24％、32％和40％,每组3个重复,试验进行60 d。试验结果表明,各组仿刺参存活率均超过95％,且组间差异不显著（P ＞0．05）;24％替代组仿刺参特定生长率最大（0．58％／d）,高于对照组28．9％,8％替代组和16％替代组生长稍慢于对照组,但差异不显著（ P ＞0．05）,而32％替代组和40％替代组仿刺参生长明显慢于对照组（P ＜0．05）;各替代组水体化学需氧量、氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮含量与对照组差异不显著（P ＞0．05）;各替代组幼参对饲料消化率随替代比例变大而降低;试验前30 d肠道内蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性均高于后30 d ,淀粉酶活性对照组表现最大,并有随花生秧粉替代比例变大含量下降的趋势;5个替代组仿刺参体腔超氧化物歧化酶和碱性磷酸酶活力与对照组差异不显著（P ＞0．05）。     

仿刺参与虾夷马粪海胆和菲律宾蛤仔混养效果的初步研究

水温13．8～20．0℃下,在容积50L的塑料水槽中,放养体质量为（1．4±0．6）g的虾夷马粪海胆（Strongylocentrotus intermedius）11个,过量投喂海带（Laminaria japonica）,再分别混养体质量为（3．4±0．6）g的仿刺参（Apostichopus japonicus）0（A组）、3（B组）、5（C组）和10个（D组）,体质量为（12．4±1．7）g的菲律宾蛤仔（Ruditapes philippinarum）6个,排出水培养底栖硅藻和石纯（Ulva lactuca）,用底栖硅藻饲喂仿刺参。77d的饲养表明,仿刺参和海胆的成活率差异不显著（P〉0．05）,但混养组海胆的特定生长率（SGR）显著高于单养组（P〈0．05）,B、C和D组海胆的SGR分别比单养高9．12％、7．24％和10．06％,各混养组间差异不显著（P〉0．05）;混养海胆的饲料系数（7．28～7．70）分别显著低于单养（9．12）（P〈0．05）组20．29／6、15．5％和18．0％。将刺参的产量计算在内,B、C和D组海胆的饲料系数分别比对照组降低31．5％、26．8％和16．0％,但混养组间差异不显著（P〉0．05）。海胆和仿刺参的适宜混养比例为11：3。蛤仔和石纯生长慢,死亡率高。养殖排水培养的底栖硅藻以菱形藻（Nitzschia sp．）和卵形藻（Cocconeis sp．）为主,少量舟形藻（Navicula sp．）。混养海胆性腺中亚麻酸、EPA＋DHA含量和n-3／n～6比值显著大于单养组（P〈0．05）,混养池水中氨氮含量低而稳,溶氧量高。     

在含等量维生素E饲料中添加β-胡萝卜素和虾青素对仿刺参幼参抗应激能力的影响

在水温11．0～20．0℃、盐度35‰和pH值7．5的条件下,将初始平均体质量为3．46g的仿刺参（Aposticho-pusiaponicusSelenka）幼参放养在容水300L的塑料水槽中,A组投喂含90mg·kg-。β-胡萝卜素＋60mg·kg-1维生素E（VE）的饲料,B组投喂含60mg·kg-1虾青素和60mg·kg-1VE的饲料,以不添加上述3种物质的基础饲料作对照（C组）。饲养80d后,将A、B,及C组幼参直接放人盐度（用淡水和海水或加入海水晶,配制成盐度为0、5、10、15、20、25、30、35、40、45,及50）、氨（用NH4Cl配制成氨浓度（Nn3-N）0、0.5、1．0、2．0、4．0、8．0,及10mg·L-1）、温度（0、4、10、15、20、25、30、35,及40℃）急剧变化的1500mL的白色聚乙烧杯中,每个处理3个重复,测定存活率和体腔液中SOD活力等指标。应激处理期间,不投喂,24h换水一次并吸出排泄物。96h后,盐度、氨处理组的仿刺参存活率高于对照组,存活仿刺参体腔液中SOD活力显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）;但A、B组仿刺参在低温应激时,存活率与对照组差异不显著（P〉0．05）。结果表明：饲料中添加90mg·kg-1β-胡萝卜素＋60mg·kg-1VE或60mg·kg-1虾青素＋60mg·kg-1VE均能显著提高仿刺参对盐度和氨应激的抵抗能力（P〈0．05）,但抗低温应激的效果不显著（P〉0．05）。     

添加中草药饲料对稚幼参的生长及成活率的影响初步研究

用豆粕粉、玉米粉、不同含量的复方中草药等多种原料混合配制成2组刺参配合饲料,对体长2．5-4．5cm,体重3．3-4．0g的稚幼参进行了为期40天的喂养实验。结果显示,配方1组刺参体长和体重的增长都显著高于未添加任何中草药的基础饲料组（ANOVA,P〈0．05）,但与刺参专用饲料差异不显著;配方2组增重率不够理想,但该组刺参的成活率达到100％,高于配方1组90％的成活率。     

海星棘皮作为仿刺参饲料添加成分的可行性

对海星棘皮作为仿刺参饲料添加成分的可行性进行初步研究。将海星棘皮干粉按0%、10%、20%、30%、40%的替代比例添加于以鱼粉、马尾藻(Sargassum muticum)、浒苔(Enteromorpha prolifera)为原料的基础饲料中,投喂体质量为3.4~4.0 g的仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicas)幼参60 d,结果表明,各组仿刺参生长良好,成活率无显著差异(P0.05);在60 d时,20%、30%和40%饲料组的仿刺参平均增重率、特定生长率显著高于0%和10%饲料组(P0.05);20%饲料组仿刺参的特定生长率最高,与30%和40%饲料组差异不显著(P0.05)。从饲料系数和摄食率看,0%和10%饲料组的饲料系数、摄食率最高,显著高于20%、30%、40%饲料组(P0.05),20%和30%海星饲料组的饲料系数、摄食率最低,二者差异不显著(P0.05),与40%饲料组差异显著(P0.05)。结果表明,添加20%~30%海星棘皮干粉饲料可促进仿刺参的生长和提高饲料的利用。     

Effects of dietary n‐3 PUFA supplements on composition of n‐3 PUFA and expression of fatty acid elongase 5 (AJELOVL5) in sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

This is the first comprehensive study on the effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels on the expression of fatty acid elongase 5 (AJELOVL5), PUFA composition, and growth in juvenile sea cucumbers. The specific growth rate (SGR_w) was improved in n‐3 PUFA‐rich diets compared to low n‐3 PUFA diets. AJELOVL5 expression was apparently upregulated in juveniles fed lower PUFA diets relative to higher PUFA diets, with higher expression in the body wall and respiratory tree of juveniles fed diets without ɑ‐linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n‐3) compared to juveniles fed higher ALA level diets; similar results were also detected in juveniles fed diets with lower eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n‐3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3), and none of ALA, EPA, or DHA respectively. The concentrations of ALA, EPA, and DHA in tissues were positively related to the content of dietary corresponding PUFA, with higher ALA content in juveniles fed diet ALA_12.71 than in the ALA_7.46 and ALA₀ groups. Similar results were also obtained in sea cucumber fed diets enriched with either EPA or DHA. Interestingly, considerable levels of EPA and DHA were found in the tissues of juveniles fed diets of CK₀ and DHA₀, with no specific input of EPA or DHA, showing that the sea cucumber was capable of biosynthesizing EPA and DHA from their corresponding precursors as ALA and linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n‐6).     

微粒饲料中以微藻粉替代鱼油对牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)稚鱼生长存活和脂肪酸组成的影响

以18日龄的牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)稚鱼为研究对象,通过11 d 的生长实验,研究了添加不同比例的微藻粉替代鱼油对牙鲆稚鱼生长、存活率和脂肪酸组成的影响。以鱼油组(FO)为对照组,以裂壶藻粉(Schizochytrium sp.)、微绿球藻粉(Nannochloropsis sp.)和橄榄油替代不同比例的鱼油,配制成5组等氮等能的实验饲料,分别命名为鱼油组(FO),50%混合替代组(M50)、100%混合替代组(M100)、100%裂壶藻橄榄油替代组(S100)、100%微绿球藻橄榄油替代组(N100)。结果显示,微藻粉替代鱼油对牙鲆稚鱼的生长无显著影响;含有裂壶藻的各饲料组(M50、M100、S100)成活率显著高于 FO 组和 N100组(P?0.05);微藻粉替代鱼油不影响牙鲆稚鱼主要脂肪酸的组成;Person相关性分析发现,C14：0、C16：1n-7、C18：2n-6、C20：0、C18：3n-3、C22：0、C20：4n-3、EPA、C22：5n-6和 DHA 的百分含量均与其饲料中的百分含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05);总饱和脂肪酸、总单不饱和脂肪酸、n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的百分含量以及 DHA/EPA 比率均与其饲料组成表现出显著正相关(P<0.05)。综上所述,微藻作为脂肪源替代鱼油完全可以满足牙鲆稚鱼的生长和发育,各种脂肪酸均可以被牙鲆稚鱼充分消化和吸收,并且添加两种微藻后提高了稚鱼的 DHA 含量和 DHA/EPA 比率,与鱼油对照组相比显著提高了牙鲆稚鱼的成活率。因此,以微藻替代鱼油在牙鲆稚鱼的培育中是可行的。     

Effects of dietary fish oil replacement by microalgae raw materials on growth performance,body composition and fatty acid profile of juvenile olive flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus

Replacing dietary fish oil with DHA‐rich microalgae Schizochytrium sp. and EPA‐rich microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. for olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) was examined. Three experimental isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets with lipid source provided by 50% fish oil (F50S50), 50% (M50F25S25) and 100% microalgae raw material (M100) respectively were compared with a soybean oil (S100) diet as control. Triplicate groups of olive flounder juveniles (16.5 ± 0.91 g) were fed the experimental diets, and a group was fed the control diets for 8 weeks in a recirculation system. Results showed feed efficiency and growth performance were not significantly changed when fish oil (FO) was totally substituted by soybean oil (SO) or microalgae raw material (MRM). The whole‐body composition, lipid content of liver and muscle, and lipid composition of plasma were not significantly influenced by the total substitution of FO by MRM. The polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content of muscle and liver declined in fish fed S100 diet, whereas it was not significantly reduced in fish fed M50F25S25 and M100 diets. The total substitution of FO by MRM not only maintained the levels of arachidonic acid, EPA or DHA but also increased n‐3/n‐6 ratio. In conclusion, MRM as the sole lipid source is sufficient to obtain good feed efficiency, growth performance and human health value in olive flounder juveniles.     

Effect of lipid levels on the reproductive performance of Snakehead murrel,Channa striatus

Present study aimed to determine the optimum dietary lipid level in snakehead murrel channa striatus broodstocks. Triplicate groups of fish were fed for 240 days with isonitrogenous experimental diets with increasing lipid levels (100, 140, and 180 g kg^?1), using fish oil and soybean oil as the lipid sources with the ratio of (1:1). Weight gain, GSI, fecundity, oocyte diameter and number of mature oocyte were found to be significantly higher in the group fed with diet containing 180 g kg^?1 lipid level. Muscle fatty acid profile showed a significant increase in LA (18:2n‐6), LNA (18:3n3), total PUFA, n‐6 and ArA (20:4n‐6) in fish fed with diet containing 180 g kg^?1 lipid. Increasing lipid level up to 180 g kg^?1 resulted in significant increase in PUFA (LA & LNA), lc‐PUFA (EPA, DHA, ArA), total PUFA, n‐3 and n‐6 series in ovary and liver of female C. striatus.     

Partial substitution of fish oil with rapeseed, linseed and olive oils in diets for European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.): effects on flesh fatty acid composition, plasma prostaglandins E2 and F2α, immune function and effectiveness of a fish oil finishing diet

Triplicate groups of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.), of initial weight 90 g, were fed four practical‐type diets in which the added oil was 1000 g kg^?1 fish oil (FO) (control diet), 600 g kg^?1 rapeseed oil (RO) and 400 g kg^?1 FO, 600 g kg^?1 linseed oil (LO) and 400 g kg^?1 FO, and 600 g kg^?1 olive oil (OO) and 400 g kg^?1 FO for 34 weeks. After sampling, the remaining fish were switched to the 1000 g kg^?1 FO diet for a further 14 weeks. Fatty acid composition of flesh total lipid was influenced by dietary fatty acid input but specific fatty acids were selectively retained or utilized. There was selective deposition and retention of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n‐3). Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n‐3) and DHA were significantly reduced and linolenic (LNA; 18:3n‐3), linoleic (LA; 18:2n‐6) and oleic (OA; 18:1n‐9) acids significantly increased in flesh lipids following the inclusion of 600 g kg^?1 RO, LO and OO in the diets. No significant differences were found among different treatments on plasma concentrations of prostaglandin E₂ and prostaglandin F_2α. Evaluation of non‐specific immune function, showed that the number of circulating leucocytes was significantly affected (P < 0.001), as was macrophage respiratory burst activity (P < 0.006) in fish fed vegetable oil diets. Accumulation of large amounts of lipid droplets were observed within the hepatocytes in relation to decreased levels of dietary n‐3 HUFA, although no signs of cellular necrosis was evident. After feeding a FO finishing diet for 14 weeks, DHA and total n‐3 HUFA levels were restored to values in control fish although EPA remained 18% higher in control than in the other treatments. This study suggests that vegetable oils such as RO, LO and OO can potentially be used as partial substitutes for dietary FO in European sea bass culture, during the grow out phase, without compromising growth rates but may alter some immune parameters.     

Effects of docosahexaenoic, eicosapentaenoic, and arachidonic acids on the early growth, survival, lipid composition and pigmentation of yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea): a live food enrichment experiment

The role of dietary ratios of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n−3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n−3) and arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n−6) on early growth, survival, lipid composition, and pigmentation of yellowtail flounder was studied. Rotifers were enriched with lipid emulsions containing high DHA (43.3% of total fatty acids), DHA+EPA (37.4% and 14.2%, respectively), DHA+AA (36.0% and 8.9%), or a control emulsion containing only olive oil (no DHA, EPA, or AA). Larvae were fed differently enriched rotifers for 4 weeks post-hatch. At week 4, yellowtail larvae fed the high DHA diet were significantly larger (9.7±0.2 mm, P<0.05) and had higher survival (22.1±0.4%), while larvae fed the control diet were significantly smaller (7.3±0.2 mm, P<0.05) and showed lower survival (5.2±1.9%). Larval lipid class and fatty acid profiles differed significantly among treatments with larvae fed high polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) diets having higher relative amounts of triacylglycerols (18–21% of total lipid) than larvae in the control diet (11%). Larval fatty acids reflected dietary levels of DHA, EPA and AA while larvae fed the control diet had reduced amounts of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and increased levels of PUFA relative to dietary levels. A strong relationship was observed between the DHA/EPA ratio in the diet and larval size (r²=0.75, P=0.005) and survival (r²=0.86, P=0.001). Following metamorphosis, the incidence of malpigmentation was higher in the DHA+AA diet (92%) than in all other treatments (50%). Results suggest that yellowtail larvae require a high level of dietary DHA for maximal growth and survival while diets containing elevated AA exert negative effects on larval pigmentation.     

Effects of varying dietary docosahexaenoic acid levels on growth,proximate composition and tissue fatty acid profile of juvenile silver pomfrets,Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen, 1788)

This study investigated the effects of varying dietary levels of decosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on growth performance, proximate composition and whole body fatty acid profiles of juvenile silver pomfret, Pampus argenteus. Triplicate groups of fish (30.55 ± 0.08 g) were fed diets containing 5.2%, 9.31% and 13.38% DHA (% of total fatty acids) or 0.85%, 1.52% and 2.18% DHA on dry diet weight for diets 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Survival was not affected by dietary DHA levels. The growth performance and feed utilization parameters of fish fed diets 2 and 3 were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those fed diet 1, although these parameters in diets 2 and 3 did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). Whole body lipid and fatty acid profiles were influenced by dietary DHA levels. Significantly higher n‐3 fatty acids particularly DHA, DHA:EPA(eicosapentaenoic acid) ratios and n‐3:n‐6 ratios were observed in fish fed diets 2 and 3 compared to those fed diet 1. Better growth performance and higher whole body DHA:EPA (2.31, 2.29) ratios and n‐3:n‐6 ratios (2.17, 2.12) observed in fish fed diets 2 and 3, respectively, suggests that silver pomfret juveniles have a higher requirement for n‐3 fatty acids, notably DHA for optimum growth and survival.     

饲料中添加浒苔对仿刺参幼参生长、消化酶活性和免疫力的影响

在水温17~18℃和盐度30条件下,将初始体质量为(4.09±0.26)g的仿刺参饲养在15个循环水玻璃缸(容积100L)中,投喂在基础饲料中添加0%、3%、6%、9%和12%浒苔的饲料,于投喂后第7、14、28d和42d分别检测仿刺参的生长指标、消化酶(蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶和褐藻酸酶)和体腔液免疫酶(溶菌酶、酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶和超氧化物歧化酶)的活性。试验结果表明,投喂试验饲料后第14、28d和42d:(1)饲料中添加6%和9%浒苔组仿刺参的特定生长率显著增加(P0.05),在不同取样时间其他添加组仿刺参的的特定生长率与对照组差异不显著(P0.05);(2)饲料中浒苔添加量为6%和9%试验组仿刺参的4种消化酶比活力显著高于对照组(P0.05),其中6%组仿刺参的消化酶比活力最高;(3)饲料中浒苔添加量为6%时,仿刺参溶菌酶活力显著高于对照组及其他试验组(P0.05);饲料中浒苔添加量为6%和9%时,仿刺参碱性磷酸酶活力和超氧化物歧化酶活力显著高于对照组及其他试验组(P0.05);添加浒苔可以显著提高酸性磷酸酶活力,至第42d,试验组酸性磷酸酶活力高于对照组(P0.05),且浒苔添加量为6%时活力最高。在本试验条件下,饲料中添加浒苔可以提高仿刺参的特定生长率、消化酶活力及免疫力,浒苔的最适添加量为6%~9%。     

A study of the arachidonic acid requirements of the giant tiger prawn, Penaues monodon

This study examined the dietary requirement of arachidonic acid (ARA) when that of linoleic acid (LOA), the natural precursor to ARA, was also satisfied with linolenic acid (LNA) and also with and without the other key dietary highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA). Growth by prawns fed diets supplemented with ARA was poorer than in diets where it was not present. Supplementation of ARA to diets with either optimized HUFA or just optimised poly unsaurated fatty acids (PUFA) (i.e. LOA, LNA) resulted in poorer growth. Growth was poorest by prawns (215 ± 13%) fed diets with ARA supplemented at 20% of the total fatty acids but including 7% LOA, 21% LNA and 4% of both eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Growth was best in prawns fed diets devoid of ARA but with 7% LOA and 21% LNA (350 ± 19%). Prawns fed the reference diet (348 ± 21%) and the other diet devoid of ARA but containing about 7% LOA, 21% LNA and 4% of both EPA and DHA (345 ± 18%) had similar growth. The growth responses were not effects of altered lipid or fatty acid digestibilities. Indeed supplementation of ARA to the diet marginally improved the digestibility of the total neutral lipid in the diet and the digestibilities of some other dietary fatty acids. The amount of lipid in the digestive glands of prawns fed with the diets was reduced by the inclusion of ARA in the dietary lipids. Composition of the lipids in the digestive gland (DG) of the prawns was almost directly related to the composition of their dietary lipids. The proportion of ARA in the total fatty acids increased with level of supplementation of dietary ARA. An increased level of dietary ARA reduced the proportion of EPA, DHA in the DG lipid and also the total n‐3 and n‐6 fatty acids in the DG lipid. The results of this study support that addition of ARA to the diet of Penaues monodon when the other key essential fatty acids (EFA) have been optimized, does not improve their growth performance. It is suggested that key cause for this response may lie in the importance of the balance of the n‐3 to n‐6 fatty acids in the diet of these animals.     

No significant effect of additive ratios of docosahexaenoic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid on the survival and growth of cobia (Rachycentron canadum) juvenile

An experiment was conducted in the laboratory to investigate the effects of additive ratios of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on the growth and survival of cobia (Rachycentron canadum) juveniles from August to October 2005. Three hundred and eighty cobia juveniles (56 days of age, body weight 6.9 ± 0.1 g, body length 9.2 ± 0.1 cm) were selected and 20 of them were freely taken for initial sample analysis in the week 0. Additional 360 juveniles were randomly assigned into eight groups with triplicate, total 24 tanks with 15 fish each. Cobia juveniles were reared in glass‐steel tanks (200‐L volume per tank) using filtered seawater with temperature 26–30.5 °C, salinity 25.4–33.0 g L^?1 and pH 7.8–8.0. Cobia juveniles were fed for 8 weeks using seven treatment diets (D‐1 to D‐7) with the same amount of DHA and EPA (15.0 ± 1.2 g kg^?1 of dried diet), but varying ratios of DHA to EPA (0.9, 1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 1.7, 1.9, 2.1, respectively) and a control diet (D‐0, DHA + EPA = 8.0 g kg^?1 of dried diet, DHA/EPA = 1.3). Five juveniles per tank were randomly taken for sample analysis at the end of weeks 4 and 8, respectively. The highest protein efficiency rate (PER; 1.5 in mean), average body weight (BW; 73.3 g per fish in mean) and the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR; 1.6 in mean) were obtained in cobia juveniles fed the control diet at the end of week 8. These parameters were significantly different (P < 0.05) among juveniles fed the control and treatment diets; however, no significant difference (P > 0.05) was found among juveniles fed the treatment diets evaluated in this study. It was concluded that the survival and growth of cobia juveniles were not greatly influenced by additive ratios of DHA to EPA in our experimental conditions.