灌水及施氮对高产区小麦产量及品质性状的影响

为给高产小麦的优质高效栽培提供理论依据,以中筋小麦品种平安8号为材料,研究了大田条件下灌水和施氮对小麦籽粒产量、籽粒品质及面粉品质性状的调控效应。结果表明,水氮对小麦产量和品质性状的影响表现为施氮灌水施氮×灌水。施氮对大多数品质性状(醇溶蛋白含量除外)的影响达显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)水平;小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质产量、蛋白质组分含量及多数面团流变学特性指标随着施氮量的增加而提高,而籽粒硬度和容重则呈下降趋势,其中不施氮处理与施氮处理间差异显著,施氮处理间差异不显著(P0.05)。在施氮处理中以施氮180kg·hm-2时氮肥偏生产力最高。灌水对籽粒产量、蛋白质产量、清蛋白含量、球蛋白含量、籽粒硬度和容重的影响亦达显著或极显著水平。籽粒产量、蛋白质产量和吸水率随灌水次数(每次灌水750m3·hm-2)的增加而增加,而籽粒蛋白质含量、硬度、容重及面团形成时间、稳定时间、拉伸阻力和比例均随之降低。施氮与灌水互作显著影响籽粒产量、蛋白质产量和蛋白质含量、籽粒硬度、容重,对其他性状无显著影响。     

追氮量和种植密度对镇麦168群体质量、产量和加工品质的调控效应

为给小麦品种镇麦168优质高产栽培中氮肥和种植密度管理提供参考,在基施有机肥15 000kg·hm-2、复合肥(N∶P∶K=15∶15∶15)375kg·hm-2条件下,设置240、285和330kg·hm-2三个追施氮肥水平以及135万、180万、225万、270万和330万株·hm-2五个种植密度(基本苗)水平,研究了追氮量和种植密度对该品种群体质量、产量和加工品质的影响。结果表明,在240~285kg·hm-2范围内,增加追氮量可明显提高镇麦168的籽粒产量、千粒重、成穗率、沉降值和弱化度,但当追氮量达到330kg·hm-2时,有效穗数、穗粒数、籽粒产量、容重、出粉率、吸水率、面团稳定时间增加不显著,千粒重明显降低。在135万~270万株·hm-2范围内,增加种植密度可显著提高有效穗数、籽粒产量、容重、面团形成时间、稳定时间和弱化度,而当种植密度达到330万株·hm-2时,有效穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、籽粒产量、成穗率、容重、面团形成时间、稳定时间和弱化度显著降低,分蘖期和拔节期群体叶面积指数、越冬期和拔节期干物质积累量以及出粉率、沉降值、吸水率增幅不明显。综合来看,镇麦168高产优质栽培的适宜追氮量和密度分别为285kg·hm-2和270万株·hm-2。     

减氮模式对稻茬中筋小麦籽粒产量、品质和氮肥效率的影响

为给稻茬小麦大面积提质增效生产提供参考,以中筋小麦徐麦818为材料,在水稻秸秆全量还田条件下以施氮量225 kg·hm^-2、基肥和拔节肥各50%模式为对照,在此模式基础上进行减少追氮量和平衡减少基肥和追肥施氮量（简称平衡减氮）,探讨减氮模式对稻茬中筋小麦籽粒产量、品质、氮肥效率和经济效益的影响。结果表明,追氮减少10%~20%能提高氮肥效率,对穗数、穗粒数、籽粒产量、经济效益、籽粒容重、硬度、出粉率、湿面筋含量、沉降值、蛋白质及其组分含量、淀粉及其组分含量、淀粉糊化特性和粉质特性均无显著影响。平衡减少基肥和追肥施氮量各10%能提高氮肥效率、经济效益、面团稳定时间和粉质质量参数,对产量及其构成因素和其余品质参数影响均不显著。在平衡减氮20%基础上追氮各分50%于拔节期和孕穗期施用,能显著提高千粒重、籽粒产量、经济效益、氮肥表观利用率、氮肥农学效率、籽粒容重、湿面筋含量、面团稳定时间和粉质质量参数。过多减氮会导致籽粒产量、品质、氮肥生理效率、氮肥农学效率和经济效益不同程度降低。综上,本试验条件下,减氮20%不会造成减产,可实现优质增效目标,且平衡减氮效果优于减少追氮处理。     

氮钾配施对扬农啤7号籽粒产量与麦芽品质的影响

为了解氮、钾肥施用量及配比对啤酒大麦产量和品质的影响,以啤酒大麦品种扬农啤7号为材料,测定并分析了氮、钾肥配施对籽粒产量、蛋白质含量及麦芽品质的影响。结果表明,扬农啤7号的籽粒产量和蛋白质含量及麦芽品质性状在氮肥施用量间的差异均显著(P0.05);随着氮肥施用量的增加,籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和麦芽α-氨基氮含量、糖化力呈增加趋势,麦芽脆度、浸出率及库尔巴哈值呈降低趋势;在相同氮水平下,钾肥施用量对扬农啤7号籽粒产量、蛋白质含量及麦芽品质性状有一定影响,但无规律。除2017—2018年度的籽粒蛋白质含量与千粒重呈极显著(P0.01)负相关外,籽粒蛋白质含量与产量及其构成要素间均呈显著或极显著正相关;穗粒数、穗数及籽粒产量与麦芽α-氨基氮含量及糖化力呈极显著正相关,与麦芽浸出率及库尔巴哈值呈极显著负相关。氮肥水平太高导致扬农啤7号品质下降,兼顾高产与优质,扬农啤7号高产优质的氮、钾肥配施技术为:氮肥150 kg·hm~(-2),基肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥=4∶4∶2;钾肥150kg·hm~(-2),作基肥一次性施用。     

养分管理模式对水稻产量、效益和氮肥利用效率的影响

为探明水稻高产、高效、安全相协调的养分管理模式,试验通过组合氮、磷、钾肥用量与运筹方式,有机肥和微肥施用等因子,设计出6种不同养分管理模式,研究不同养分管理模式对杂交水稻Ⅱ优125籽粒产量、效益和氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,与农民传统施肥模式(FFP)相比,高产高效养分管理模式(HYHE)、高产模式(SHY)和高效养分管理模式(HE)可以提高水稻的籽粒产量、纯收益和产投比、氮肥农学效率,其中产量增7.5%~20.63%,纯收益增20.31%~45.87%,产投比增3.57%~38.19%,氮肥农学效率提高了11.50%~74.68%;HYHE和HE模式还提高了氮肥表观利用率和氮肥偏生产力,其中氮肥表观利用率提高了5.24~14.84个百分点。不同养分管理模式间的产量、产投比与氮效率存在差异,其中高效处理(HE)虽增产幅度最小,但实现了低投入、高产投比、高效益、高氮效率;高产高效处理(HYHE)实现了较高的产量、效益与氮效率,产量与效益比较协调。     

种植管理模式对冬小麦干物质和氮素积累转运及产量的影响

为筛选冬小麦高产高效优化种植管理模式,2009-2010年在河南省温县高产区大田试验条件下,分析了当前传统农民习惯模式(CP)、调整模式1(AP1)和调整模式2(AP2)3种种植管理模式下冬小麦干物质和氮素累积转运及籽粒产量的差异。结果表明,不同生育时期种植管理模式间小麦干物质积累均存在差异,CP和AP1拔节前干物质积累量显著高于AP2,拔节至成熟AP2则显著高于其他模式。营养器官花前贮藏干物质花后向穗部的转移量占总穗重的34.15%～50.84%,氮转移量占穗增长量的77.92%～85.07%,与CP和AP2相比,AP1显著提高了花后干物质和氮素累积对穗部的贡献率。AP1、AP2籽粒产量比CP分别提高11.72%和25.82%,穗粒数和千粒重增加是其增产的主要原因。植株总吸氮量、籽粒吸氮量及收获指数以AP2最高,氮肥利用率和产投比则以AP1最高。综合比较不同模式的籽粒产量、氮肥利用率和产投比,AP1可作为当前小麦高产高效生产的最佳种植管理模式。     

施氮量和氮肥底追比例对济麦20产量、品质及氮肥利用率的影响

为给小麦高产、优质、高效栽培提供合理的氮肥运筹技术和理论依据,以强筋小麦品种济麦20为材料,应用15N示踪技术研究了高产麦田中施氮量和氮肥底施与拔节期追施的比例对小麦籽粒产量、品质和氮肥利用率的影响.结果表明,不同施氮处理之间植株氮素积累量无显著差异,小麦植株对追肥氮的利用率显著高于对底肥氮的利用率,适当增加追施氮肥的比例可提高氮肥利用率,其中以N2处理(施氮量为168 kg·hm-2,底追比例为1:2)最高.适量施氮并增加追施氮肥的比例可显著提高籽粒产量、蛋白质含量,改善籽粒加工品质,N2、N5(施氮量为240 kg·hm-4,底追比例为1:2)和N6(施氮量为240 kg·hm-2,全部追施)处理效果均较好.在本试验条件下,施氮量为168 kg·hm-2及底追比例为1:2的处理是兼顾产量、品质、效益和生态的合理氮肥运筹方式.     

氮肥追施比例对弱筋小麦扬麦15籽粒产量及品质的影响

为了揭示氮肥追施比例对弱筋小麦扬麦15籽粒品质和产量的调节效应,在施纯氮总量210kg·hm-2条件下,在江苏淮南的扬州和海安两地研究了3种氮肥追施比例对弱筋小麦籽粒品质和产量的影响。结果表明,增加拔节肥比例能显著增加弱筋小麦籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和沉降值;氮肥追施比例对弱筋小麦籽粒千粒重、容重、硬度、出粉率等磨粉品质以及降落值、面团形成时间、稳定时间、峰值黏度和稀懈值等品质指标影响不明显;随拔节肥比例上升,乳酸溶剂保持力呈上升趋势,而水溶剂保持力、碳酸钠溶剂保持力和蔗糖溶剂保持力变化不明显;随氮肥用量后移,籽粒产量显著提高。综合品质和产量来看,在本试验条件下,弱筋小麦扬麦15的适宜氮肥追施比例为5∶1∶4(基肥∶壮蘖肥∶拔节肥)。     

氮肥运筹对不同茬口强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响

为了探讨不同茬口下施氮对强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的最佳效应,以强筋小麦品种烟农19号为材料,研究了施氮量和追氮时期对不同茬口小麦籽粒产量及品质的影响.结果表明,施氮量和追氮时期对不同茬口下强筋小麦的籽粒产量和品质均有显著的影响.在0～240 kg/ha施氮量范围内烟农19号单位面积穗数、每穗粒数和产量随施氮量的增加而显著提高,且旱茬麦产量极显著高于稻茬麦,主要是提高了每穗粒数和千粒重.小麦籽粒蛋白质和面筋含量、沉淀值均随施氮量的增加而显著增加,旱茬麦的品质显著优于稻茬麦.在两种茬口下,烟农19号籽粒产量、蛋白质产量与施氮量均成二次曲线关系,稻茬麦在施氮量为251.26～280.24 kg/ha、旱茬麦在施氮量为281.03～303.02 kg/ha范围内籽粒产量和蛋白质产量可达到同步提高.拔节期和孕穗期追施氮肥可有效提高单位面积穗数、每穗粒数和产量,且籽粒蛋白质、湿面筋含量和沉淀值显著提高.本试验条件下,旱茬麦在拔节期至孕穗期、稻茬麦在孕穗期追施氮肥可同步提高强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质.     

氮肥运筹对不同茬口强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响

为了探讨不同茬口下施氮对强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的最佳效应,以强筋小麦品种烟农19号为材料,研究了施氮量和追氮时期对不同茬口小麦籽粒产量及品质的影响。结果表明,施氮量和追氮时期对不同茬口下强筋小麦的籽粒产量和品质均有显著的影响。在0～240kg／ha施氮量范围内烟农19号单位面积穗数、每穗粒数和产量随施氮量的增加而显著提高,且旱茬麦产量极显著高于稻茬麦,主要是提高了每穗粒数和千粒重。小麦籽粒蛋白质和面筋含量、沉淀值均随施氮量的增加而显著增加,旱茬麦的品质显著优于稻茬麦。在两种茬口下,烟农19号籽粒产量、蛋白质产量与施氮量均成二次曲线关系,稻茬麦在施氮量为251．26～280．24kg／ha、旱茬麦在施氮量为281．03～303．02kg／ha范围内籽粒产量和蛋白质产量可达到同步提高。拔节期和孕穗期追施氮肥可有效提高单位面积穗数、每穗粒数和产量,且籽粒蛋白质、湿面筋含量和沉淀值显著提高。本试验条件下,旱茬麦在拔节期至孕穗期、稻茬麦在孕穗期追施氮肥可同步提高强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.