国家林业局发布2004年春季我国沙尘天气灾害情况

日前,国家林业局发布2004年春季我国沙尘天气灾害情况报告。截止5月底,我国北方地区共发生18次沙尘天气,其中强沙尘暴1次,沙尘暴5次,扬沙浮尘天气12次。 在我国北方地区发生的18次沙尘天气中,单次影响范围超过100万平方公里的沙尘天气有2次,50～100万平方公里的有3次,50万平方公里以下的有13次。西北、华     

包头市城市系统中风沙天气与TSP、PM_(10)、降尘之间量的对应关系

沙尘暴、扬沙、浮尘是大气环境中三种特殊的天气现象,现行的划分标准主要依据气象条件,从外部一些气象指标定量描述,该研究通过10年连续动态的测试,结果表明沙尘暴、扬沙、浮尘三种沙尘天气与造成空气混浊的含沙、含尘量有着数量上的对应关系,且在一定的范围之内变动。文章给出变动范围值,将每一种沙尘天气与一组数值对应,最后,探讨性提出降低这些空气指标的途径有二,并建议一些数量指标。     

锡林郭勒，一曲“绿色”主旋律

锡林郭勒盟位于内蒙古自治区中部，是首都北京的正北方，浑善达克沙地横贯东西。20世纪70年代至本世纪初，浑善达克沙地沙漠化加剧，导致浮尘、扬沙和沙尘暴天气频发，2000年沙尘暴日数达到26次，恶劣的生态环境不仅制约着区域经济社会可持续发展，而且直接影响到京津地区的生态安全。     

库布齐沙漠及周边地区五十年气候变化特征

利用库布齐沙漠及周边15个旗县区1969-2018年气象数据,对各气象要素进行分析。结果表明:年平均气温在波动中呈显著升高的趋势,升高速率为0.39℃·10 a~(-1);降水量无明显变化规律,但20世纪90年代末至21世纪初降水偏少;在大风日数无明显变化的情况下,扬沙和沙尘暴日数明显递减。从空间分布特征看,气温由西向东降低,降水由西向东增加,大风日数、沙尘暴日数、扬沙日数和年平均风速由西向东减小。     

沙尘暴天气成因与对策

20 0 0年包括北京城在内的大部分北方地区几乎没有让人们享受到春天的快乐。几乎天天有风 ,处处见沙。人们不会忘记 ,3月 8日、1 8日、2 2～ 2 3日、2 7日、4月 3日…及 5月 1 3日 ,沙尘暴去年已在我国发生了 1 5次了。继 2 0 0 1年 1月 1日的沙尘暴给新世纪一个下马威后 ,2月 2 8日 ,3月 2～ 3日 ,3月 1 1日 ,3月 1 4日等又发生了多次沙尘暴。沙尘暴在我国广大的北方地区已经成为春季最主要的自然灾害之一。本文就谈谈沙尘暴的概念、危害、成因及防治对策。1　浮尘、扬沙与沙尘暴的概念在气象中 ,人们将沙尘天气分为浮尘、扬沙和沙尘暴三个…     

气象因子对云南大理森林火灾的影响

本文选用2001年-2010年大理州的森林火灾次数与对应的气象数据进行统计分析,通过分析大理州森林火灾的时间分布及对应的气候特征,得出了火灾次数与气温和风速呈正相关、与相对湿度呈负相关的结论。用森林火灾次数与气象因子进行相关分析,结果表明月平均最高气温、平均相对湿度和平均最大风速与月火灾次数显著相关;旬平均最高气温、平均相对湿度和平均最大风速以及前两旬的累计降水量与旬火灾次数显著相关;日最高气温、平均相对湿度、最大风速和前15日累计降水量与日火灾次数显著相关。综合分析表明气温、降水、相对湿度和风速与大理州森林火灾次数有明显的相关性,气温、风速与火灾次数呈正相关,降水、相对湿度与火灾次数呈负相关。     

近52年来磴口地区扬沙天气变化特征

分析了磴口近52年(1954—2005)逐月扬沙天气。结果表明:(1)该区扬沙天气一年四季均出现,但主要发生在春季,其次为冬季;一年中扬沙天气高峰出现在4月,低谷出现在8-9月。(2)年及春季、冬季、夏季扬沙日数各年代际变化规律一致,均为逐年代递减。秋季与其他三季扬沙日数变化略有不同。(3)年及四季扬沙日数均为线性下降,线性方程均通过了置信度0.001的显著性检验,下降率为年>春季>冬季>夏季>秋季,20世纪80年代为转折期,体现为"先多后少"的特点。年扬沙日数与春季扬沙日数滑动序列的波动趋势比较接近。     

沙尘暴与温室效应

１９９８年４月１５日下午到夜间，内蒙古西部和中部、甘肃、宁夏、陕北、山西等地出现了沙尘暴天气。这些地区被卷到空中的沙尘，在高空西北气流的引导下，向东南方向扩散。这次来自西北和内蒙古地区的沙尘暴，从１６日起，使华北中部到长江中下游以北大部分地区先后出现了浮尘天气。１７日８时天气实况资料显示，浮尘已达江汉平原和江南中东部，武汉、南京、上海、杭州等地都报告了天空呈土黄色。这次沙尘暴还“漂洋过海”，在１７日８时地面天气图上，韩国济州岛和日本九州等地都标上了浮尘天气符号。更令人吃惊的是，气流裹着沙尘竟然漂…     

今春沙尘天气次数强度低于近18年均值

<正>记者6月28日从国家林业和草原局获悉,今春我国北方地区沙尘天气次数较少,且集中发生在春季后期,强度偏弱,影响范围较小。沙尘天气次数和强度均低于近18年(2001年-2018年)同期均值。据监测评估数据显示,3月1日至5月31日,我国北方地区共发生10次沙尘天气过程,包括强沙尘暴1次,沙尘暴2次,扬沙7次。沙尘天气影响范围涉及我国东北、华北、西北地区15省(区、市)679个县(市、区、旗),受影响国土面积约275万平方公里,人     

冀北山地油松、落叶松径向生长对气象因子的响应

为探索冀北山地油松与落叶松径向生长与气象因子的关系,选取承德围场地区立地条件相似的油松与落叶松2个样本作为研究对象,研究二者的生长规律,并结合该地区降水与气温2个主要气象因子,研究气象因子对油松、落叶松径向生长的影响。结果表明:1)冀北山地油松、落叶松2个树种生长与气温和降水都有较为显著的相关性,其中2、3月份的气温与油松径向生长呈显著正相关,而6月份则呈显著负相关;2)上年12月份的降水与其显著负相关,当年6月的降水与其显著正相关;3)落叶松方面,2、5、6月这3个月份的气温与落叶松径向生长呈显著负相关,上一年11月、当年的3、8、9月的气温与落叶松径向生长呈正相关,但不显著;4)该地区降水与落叶松径向生长总体呈正相关,其中3、5、6、7月份的降水与落叶松径向生长呈显著正相关;5)松径向生长与上一年12月份至当年4月份的气温总体呈正相关,与5—10月份的气温整体呈负相关,与上一年10—12月份的降水呈负相关,与当年4—10月份降水呈正相关;6)落叶松对气象因子响应程度略大于油松,落叶松与降水因子整体呈正相关,与气温呈负相关,说明该区域内气温是落叶松径向生长的限制因素。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。