注射磷脂酰丝氨酸对凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白合成、酚氧化酶活性的影响

为研究磷脂酰丝氨酸(PS)对凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白合成、酚氧化酶活性的影响,并探讨PS激活凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白发挥酚氧化酶活性的机制,实验采用5、10和20μg/mL 3个PS浓度对凡纳滨对虾尾节肌肉进行注射,注射量为50μL,对照组注射生理盐水,各处理组设3个平行组,取样时间为0、6、12、24、36、48和60 h,分别测定了血浆血蓝蛋白含量,肝胰脏血蓝蛋白p75、p77亚基和mRNA的表达以及血浆血蓝蛋白酚氧化酶活性。结果显示:与对照组相比,血蓝蛋白含量在6 h内略有下降,6～36 h内呈峰值变化,24 h时达到最大值(P<0.05);血蓝蛋白亚基p75、p77和mRNA表达在0～36 h内呈峰值变化,12 h时达到最大值(P<0.05);血蓝蛋白酚氧化酶活性在36 h内呈峰值变化,12 h时达到最大值(P<0.05)。研究表明,PS能够激活凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白的酚氧化酶活性,表现出明显的时间剂量效应,同时在短时间内引起血蓝蛋白含量下降,随后机体启动血蓝蛋白的合成机制,证实PS是凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白发挥酚氧化酶活性的激活因子,为对虾血蓝蛋白免疫活性的研究奠定了理论基础。     

南美白对虾血蓝蛋白对酚氧化酶活性的影响

以采自厦门的南美白对虾(Penaeus vannamei)为研究对象，运用病原菌人工感染、血蓝蛋白浓度和酚氧化酶(phenoloxidase，PO)活性测定等方法探索南美白对虾血蓝蛋白在体内、外对其血清酚氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明，南美白对虾人工感染副溶血弧菌后，其血淋巴中血蓝蛋白浓度和PO活性的变化趋势基本一致。在体外实验中将一定量的血蓝蛋白重组蛋白添加至血清中，其PO活性可明显升高；但同时添加血蓝蛋白重组蛋白和E．coli K12超声破碎液后，其PO活力反而降低。研究提示，血蓝蛋白在一定范围内确实可以正反馈调节PO活性，但在细菌等干扰之下，其又可表现出一定的负反馈抑制活性。     

源于凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白的化学合成肽段的免疫调控活性

以源于血蓝蛋白化学合成肽段B1为研究对象,运用蛋白质组学、分子生物学等策略分析其对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)的免疫调控活性。结果显示,与对照组比,对虾在受到肽段B1刺激后,血浆中2条分子量分别为65 kD和35 kD的蛋白条带(分别命名为p65和p35)表达水平显著上调。经质谱和Western blot鉴定, p65、p35与包括对虾β-1,3-葡聚糖结合蛋白、葡聚糖模式识别脂蛋白、血蓝蛋白等在内的13个蛋白具有高度同源性,其中p65与兔抗血蓝蛋白抗体呈明显的阳性反应。实时荧光定量PCR检测显示,肽段B1刺激对虾24 h后, 5个质谱鉴定免疫相关基因:血蓝蛋白大亚基、血蓝蛋白小亚基、谷氨酰胺转氨酶、α2巨球蛋白亚型2、葡聚糖模式识别脂蛋白在肝胰腺、鳃和血细胞等组织中mRNA的表达水平显著性(P0.05)或极显著性(P0.01)上调。由此推测,源于凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白的化学合成肽段B1对包括血蓝蛋白在内的多种免疫因子的表达具有一定的调控作用。     

凡纳滨对虾28.5D血蓝蛋白的降解新片段

血蓝蛋白是一种具有多种非特异性免疫学活性且可以产生免疫学活性降解片段的多功能蛋白。为了探索血蓝蛋白新的降解片段，本研究以凡纳滨对虾旺itopenaeus vannamei）为研究对象，采用比较蛋白质学技术分析对虾感染病原菌后血清蛋白质组的变化。结果发现，对虾感染副溶血弧菌（Hbrio parahaemolyticus）12h后，血清中新增一种28．5kD的蛋白（命名为p28．5）。经MALDI-TOF／MS分析，其与凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白75kD亚基具有高度同源性。进一步研究显示，p28．5蛋白不仅可与抗血蓝蛋白抗体发生特异性结合，而且还与对虾抗感染能力呈正相关。由此推测，p28．5蛋白应该是对虾感染病原菌后产生的一种28．5kD血蓝蛋白降解新片段，其可能是血蓝蛋白发挥免疫学功能的一种新方式的产物。[中国水产科学，2008，15（3）：425-430]     

凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白酚氧化酶活性的研究

试验结果表明,凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白在胰蛋白酶诱导下可表现出一定的酚氧化酶活性,与对照组相比,其酚氧化酶活力单位显著上升。同时,其活性可被D-半乳糖、α-葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖、甘露醇和N-乙酰神经氨酸不同程度地抑制,其抑制率分别为67%、100%、33%、33%、67%和100%。血蓝蛋白与胰蛋白酶孵育后经SDS-PAGE分析和L-Dopa显色,其75 kDa单体呈明显的棕褐色,添加抑制剂N-乙酰神经氨酸之后,其显色强度显著减弱。由此进一步证实凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白在胰蛋白酶诱导下确实具有酚氧化酶活性,其活性可被不同的糖所抑制,其发挥活性的单体为75 kDa单体。     

饲料铜的添加量对南美白对虾生长、血液免疫因子及组织铜的影响

通过在饲料中分别加入不同水平的硫酸铜,初步研究了饲料铜的添加量与南美白对虾(Litopenaeusvannamei)生长、血液免疫因子及组织中铜分布的关系。饲料铜元素的添加量分别为0、7.5、15、30、45mg/kg。研究结果表明,铜的含量对南美白对虾生长影响显著,添加水平30mg/kg的实验组生长速度显著高于其他组(P<0.05),成活率各组间差异不显著。实验组对虾的酚氧化酶(PO)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活力都高于对照组,其中当添加水平为30mg/kg时,两种酶的活力均最强。对虾肌肉铜的含量各组间无显著差异,为(4.27±1.83)mg/kg,个体间差异非常大;肝胰脏(包括淋巴器官)铜的最高含量为210.36mg/kg,最低为33.78mg/kg(空白对照组),明显高于肌肉中的含量。研究结果表明,饲料铜的含量对对虾生长影响显著,并影响对虾的免疫能力;肝胰脏是对虾体内铜的主要积累器官。     

凡纳滨对虾血清中直接与病原菌相结合的主要蛋白的鉴定

以凡纳滨对虾为研究对象,将其血清分别与溶藻酸弧菌,哈维氏弧菌,嗜水气单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌等4种病原菌孵育,采用亲和蛋白质组学和Western-blotting等分子生物学方法纯化、鉴定和确证其中可与病原菌直接结合的蛋白.结果发现,与对照组相比4种病原菌与虾血清孵育5 h后均可与对虾血清中分子质量约为75 000 (p75) 的蛋白相结合,而孵育15 h后既可与p75相结合,还可与分子质量约为77 000 (p77) 的蛋白以及0～4种不同分子质量的蛋白相结合.经MALDI-TOF/MS分析和Mascot搜索引擎检索,p75和p77蛋白分别与凡纳滨对虾中分子质量约为75 000、77 000的2个血蓝蛋白亚基具有显著一致性.尤其是p75蛋白还可与兔抗血蓝蛋白75 000亚基抗体发生特异性结合.由此推断,凡纳滨对虾血清中与病原菌直接结合的主要蛋白为血蓝蛋白,提示血蓝蛋白全蛋白可能具有抗菌活性.     

与凡纳滨对虾抗副溶血弧菌有关的6.0 kD 血蓝蛋白降解肽段

以凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)为研究对象,采用人工感染、Tricine-SDS-PAGE、Western-blotting、MALDI-TOF/TOF、抑菌实验等方法对血蓝蛋白小分子降解肽段进行研究。结果发现,副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)刺激对虾24 h后,与对照组相比,其血淋巴中新出现5个分子量为6.0~31.0 k D的与兔抗血蓝蛋白抗体呈阳性的小分子条带。其中,分子量为6.0 k D的a条带(命名为HMCp6肽段)与凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白具有高度同源性,对副溶血弧菌具有明显的抑菌活性,与对照组相比,存在极显著性差异(P0.01)。由此说明,HMCp6应该是对虾感染副溶血弧菌后所产生的一种新的小分子降解肽段,推测其在对虾抗感染防御中发挥重要作用。     

南美蓝对虾和南美白对虾混养试验

南美蓝对虾 ( Penaeus stylirostris)原产于拉丁美洲太平洋沿岸水域 ,它具有生长速度快、适应盐度范围广、人工繁殖较南美白对虾容易、抗病毒能力较强 ,易于集约化饲养等优点。 2 0 0 1年 4～ 5月 ,福建省漳州市出现了大规模的南美白对虾流行性虾病 ,其中海水养殖的南美白对虾发病率达60 %以上 ,兑淡养殖的南美白对虾发病率也在30 %以上 ,严重制约对虾养殖业的发展。为了探索南美蓝对虾的兑淡养殖技术 ,我场于今年 6月 5日开始进行南美蓝对虾和南美白对虾混养试验 ,并取得较好的经济效益 ,平均单产为 2 34kg/1 0 0 0 m2。一、池塘条件利用…     

中国对虾血蓝蛋白基因cDNA的克隆与序列分析

利用3’和5’RACE技术从中国对虾Fenneropenaeus chinensis肝胰腺中克隆了1个血蓝蛋白基因FCHc,FCHc基因cDNA全长为2161bp。其中,开放阅读2 034bp,编码678个氨基酸,预测分子量为77.59 kDa。FCHc序列与凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei血蓝蛋白同源性为82%,与日本囊虾Marsupenaeus japonicas同源性为85%。Real-timePCR实验结果表明,FCHc在肝胰腺中的相对表达量最高,在心脏和表皮中几乎不表达。该基因在鳗弧菌和对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)感染后的对虾肝胰腺中的表达量显著增加,并具有不同的时空表达趋势,提示中国对虾FCHc基因在免疫反应中具有重要作用。     

Characterization and application of monoclonal antibodies against white spot syndrome virus

Three hybridoma clones secreting monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced from mouse myeloma and spleen cells immunized with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) isolated and purified from Penaeus monodon (Fabricius), collected from north-eastern Taiwan. By sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE), the protein profile of this isolate contained four major proteins with sizes of approximately 35 (VP35), 28 (VP28), 24 (VP24), and 19 kDa (VP19). Western blot analysis revealed that two MAbs (1D7 and 6E1) recognized epitopes on VP28 and one MAb (3E8) recognized an epitope on VP19. The MAb 6E1 isotyped to the IgG₁ class was used in both an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and in an immunochemical staining protocol for successful identification and localization of WSSV in infected shrimp tissues. Antigenic similarity of isolates from Indonesia and Malaysia to the Taiwan isolate was illustrated by IFA with MAb 6E1. A MAb (2F6) which bound specifically to two shrimp proteins, 75 and 72 kDa, and reacted to the healthy and non-target tissues of WSSV in infected shrimp, such as hepatopancreas, is also described here and shows the necessity for specific identification of antibodies.     

Infection of the yellow head baculo-like virus (YBV) in two species of penaeid shrimp, Penaeus stylirostris (Stimpson) and Penaeus vannamei (Boone)

Abstract. Yellow head baculo-like virus infection and disease were demonstrated experimentally in the two main species of penaeid shrimp cultured in Hawaii and the Western hemisphere. Viral infection was induced by intramuscular inoculation of a 10% suspension of cephalothorax tissue filtrate prepared from two tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon Fabricius, infected with yellow head disease, into sub-adult (3–10g) P. stylirostris (Stimpson) and P. vannamei (Boone). Signs of disease appeared as early as 2 days post infection (p.i.), and in most cases mortality reached 100% within 5–7 days p.i. Histopathological examination of the infected animals revealed extensive cellular necrosis in ectodermal and some mesenchymal tissues. Electron microscopical examination of thin sections of the gill and hepatopancreas from the infected shrimp revealed non-occluded rod-shaped baculo-like virus particles measuring 130–197 & 45–58 nm which were primarily localized within the cytoplasm of infected cells. The virus particles were contained within cytoplasmic vacuoles, and occurred singly or in small groups of two or more particles.     

转vp28蓝藻口服剂对凡纳滨对虾抗白斑综合征病毒能力及免疫反应的影响

为探讨转vp28蓝藻(Anabaena sp.PCC7120)口服剂对凡纳滨对虾抗白斑综合征病毒能力及其相应的免疫反应,本研究将此口服剂免疫幼虾7 d,再分别通过投喂攻毒和浸泡攻毒,测定其存活率及相应的免疫指标。投喂攻毒和浸泡攻毒的实验组存活率分别为78.8%和83.19%,表明该口服剂能显著增强对虾抗白斑综合征病毒的能力。蓝藻口服剂免疫对虾的酶活性检测结果显示,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、酚氧化酶(PO)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性在免疫后2 h均有上升趋势,且在48或96 h达到最高值,这表明该口服剂能引起对虾体内酶活性变化。投喂攻毒的对虾酶活性检测结果显示,实验组攻毒后的对虾肝胰腺SOD活性分别比阳性对照组、野生型组、空载体组显著提高42.10%、32.26%和16.04%,且攻毒后的肌肉SOD活性分别比阴性对照组、阳性对照组、野生型组和空载体组略微提高17.70%、11.50%、15.00%以及10.00%。实验组攻毒后的对虾肝胰腺PO、CAT和AKP活性比阳性对照组分别提高12.17%、88.80%和240.07%,比野生型组分别提高21.49%、30.90%和100%;酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性比阴性对照组略微提高,而在肌肉中各组ACP活性无显著性差异。同时浸泡攻毒组结果与投喂攻毒组具有类似的趋势。浸泡攻毒的实验组CAT和AKP活性显著高于其余处理组,且CAT活性比投喂攻毒更为显著。浸泡攻毒的实验组肝胰腺PO活性显著高于阳性对照组、野生型组和空载体组,而各组肌肉ACP活性无显著性差异。研究表明,转vp28蓝藻口服剂能够增强凡纳滨对虾抗病能力并延缓对虾死亡。转vp28蓝藻PCC7120本身可作为幼虾饵料直接投喂,无需提取纯化,有望大规模应用于对虾养殖产业。     

中国明对虾FBA基因克隆及其在白斑综合征病毒感染中的表达及功能分析

醛缩酶(FBA)是糖酵解和糖异生中的关键酶,参与多种生物过程。本研究采用RACE技术,克隆获得中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)FBA基因(Fc FBA)的全长c DNA序列,并对其进行生物信息学分析。结果显示,中国明对虾Fc FBA基因的c DNA全长为2496 bp,其中,ORF长1098 bp,5~′UTR长79 bp,3~′UTR长1319 bp。完整的阅读框编码365个氨基酸,分子量为39.8 k Da,预测的理论等电点为6.6。同源性及系统进化分析表明,Fc FBA与节肢动物的FBA聚为一类,与卤虫(Artemia franciscana)、家蚕(Bombyx mori)、沙漠蝗(Schistocerca gregaria)的相似度分别是86%、79%和78%。荧光定量PCR结果显示,Fc FBA在肌肉中的相对表达量最高,肝胰腺中最低。WSSV感染后,该基因在鳃、肝胰腺和肌肉中呈现出不同的时空表达特点。ds RNA干扰24 h以后,抑制效率达到最大。与PBS对照组相比,Fc FBA干扰组(ds RNA组)加快了对虾染病后的死亡速度。本研究表明,Fc FBA基因可能参与了中国明对虾生物胁迫的应答反应。     

低鱼粉饲料中添加酶解豆粕对凡纳滨对虾生长性能和抗胁迫机能的影响

为研究在养殖过程中降低鱼粉用量的同时保持凡纳滨对虾良好的生长性能和抗逆能力,实验在含10%鱼粉的基础饲料中,分别添加酶解豆粕(PSM) 0%(A)、2.5%(B)、3.5%(C)、4.5%(D)、5.5%(E)制成5组等氮等能饲料,分别投喂初始体质量为(0.45±0.02) g的凡纳滨对虾幼虾8周,检测对虾生长性能及抗胁迫机能。结果显示,8周养殖实验结束后,各实验组对虾的终末体质量为14.65～15.38 g/尾,各组间对虾终末均重、成活率和饲料系数指标均无显著性差异;A组对虾肌肉粗蛋白质含量显著低于其他各实验组;C组、D组和E组对虾肌肉粗脂肪含量显著高于A组;各组间灰分和水分均无显著性差异;D组和E组对虾肝胰腺蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶、血清溶菌酶和血清总超氧化物歧化酶活性(T-SOD)均显著高于A组;A组对虾血清丙二醛(MDA)含量显著高于D组和E组。人工急性感染高剂量副溶血性弧菌的胁迫实验中,A组对虾在弧菌感染48和60 h时的累积死亡率均显著高于D组对虾同期的累积死亡率;低剂量副溶血性弧菌人工急性感染后,在凡纳滨对虾鳃组织中检测Toll受体、免疫缺陷(IMD)和溶菌酶3种免疫相关基因的表达量,结果显示,对虾Toll受体、IMD和溶菌酶mRNA表达量最大峰值分别出现在添加酶解豆粕的C组、B组和D组,峰值出现时刻分别为感染后24、42和24 h。研究表明,含10%鱼粉的饲料中添加0%～5.5%酶解豆粕对凡纳滨对虾的生长性能改善效果不显著,酶解豆粕会显著提高凡纳滨对虾肌肉粗蛋白质含量和粗脂肪含量;显著降低对虾血清丙二醛含量;同时也会显著改变凡纳滨对虾对弧菌的抵抗力及其免疫相关基因的时空表达,酶解豆粕添加量达到4.5%时可使养殖的凡纳滨对虾获得最佳的抗弧菌能力。     

白斑综合征病毒感染克氏原螯虾后的PCR检测及组织病理学研究

采用投喂感染白斑综合征病毒(White Spot Syndrome Virus,WSSV)对虾肌肉的方式,对养殖克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)进行人工感染,以确定WSSV对养殖克氏原螯虾的易感性。结果发现,投喂病虾感染组螯虾的死亡率达到90%,而对照组未出现死亡。采用PCR对试验组螯虾的肌肉进行WSSV检测,发现投喂感染组的阳性检出率为100%,对照组的阳性检出率均为0。PCR检测结果发现,濒死螯虾的肝胰腺、中肠、肌肉、鳃、性腺、心脏六种组织的PCR结果均为WSSV阳性,而对照组的各组织检测结果均为阴性。组织切片的光镜观察也证实,濒死螯虾的肝胰腺、中肠、肌肉、鳃、性腺、心脏及血淋巴等组织均发生了不同程度的病变。     

Three tetraspanins from Chinese shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis, may play important roles in WSSV infection

Three members of the tetraspanin/TM₄SF superfamily were cloned from Chinese shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis . The deduced amino acid sequences of the three proteins have typical motifs of the tetraspanin/TM₄SF superfamily. Phylogenetic analysis of the proteins, together with the known tetraspanins of invertebrates and vertebrates, revealed that they belong to different tetraspanin subfamilies: CD9, CD63 and tetraspanin-3. The three cloned genes of CD9, CD63 and tetraspanin-3 showed apparently different tissue distributions. The CD9 gene ( FcCD9 ) was specifically expressed in the hepatopancreas. While for the CD63 gene ( FcCD63 ), the highest expression was detected in nerves, epidermis and heart, with low expression in haemocytes, ovary, gill, hepatopancreas and stomach and no expression in intestine, muscle and lymphoid organ. Compared with FcCD9 and FcCD63 , the tetraspanin-3 gene ( FcTetraspanin-3 ) was more broadly expressed and its highest expression was detected in the intestine. Its expression in nerves was lower than in the intestine, but was higher than in other tissues. Expression in haemocytes, ovary and muscle was much lower than in other tissues. The expression profiles of FcCD9 , FcCD63 and FcTetraspanin-3 in different tissues, including haemocytes, lymphoid organ and hepatopancreas, were compared by real-time PCR when shrimp were challenged by live white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and heat-inactivated WSSV. All three tetraspanins were markedly up-regulated in the live WSSV-challenged shrimp tissues. The data suggested that the three cloned members of TM₄SF superfamily in Chinese shrimp may play a key role in the route of WSSV infection.     

Formation of Glycated Products and Quality Attributes of Shrimp Patties Affected by Different Cooking Conditions

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to firstly investigate the impact of the cooking conditions, including boiled, baked, and microwaved treatments, in the presence of 3% powdered sugar and 1% NaCl on the changes of quality attributes and the formation of glycated products in shrimp patties. The levels of carboxymethyllysine (CML), furosine, and fluorescent intensity in boiled shrimp patties were much lower than that in baked shrimp patties and microwaved shrimp patties. Addition of powdered sugar alone in baked shrimp patties and microwaved shrimp patties increased the level of furosine and fluorescent intensity. Furthermore, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis showed a notably decreased intensity in the band with MW of 17–22 kDa in boiled shrimp patties and microwaved shrimp patties, and a stronger intensity of band, with MW of 75–100 kDa, in baked shrimp patties. Principal components analysis (PCA) further confirmed that the changes of quality attributes and glycated products in shrimp patties caused by cooking methods were greater than that caused by the addition of powdered sugar or NaCl.     

Changes in lipid class and fatty acid composition of adult male Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) in response to culture temperature and food deprivation

The effects of culture temperature and food deprivation on lipid class and fatty acid composition of adult male Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) were investigated. Shrimp were maintained in recirculating seawater systems at temperatures of 26 and 32°C and fed 75% dry commercial feed and 25% fresh‐frozen squid for 42 days. Additionally, groups of fed and non‐fed shrimp were maintained at 26°C for 17 days. In shrimp fed at either 26 or 32°C, polar lipids were the main constituents of total identified lipid classes in muscle tissue (66–71%), while neutral lipids were more abundant in hepatopancreas (82–88%). Higher levels of triglycerides were observed in lipids of shrimp hepatopancreas kept at 32°C, but no other lipid class was affected by temperature. A significantly higher proportion of 22:6n‐3 was consistent in muscle and hepatopancreas polar and neutral lipids of shrimp maintained at 26°C. In response to food deprivation, the amount of polar lipids, but not neutral lipids, was reduced by approximately 28% in muscle tissue, whereas all lipid reserves were almost depleted in the hepatopancreas. The variable consumption of some individual fatty acids was observed in polar and neutral lipids of both tissues.