凡纳滨对虾28.5kD血蓝蛋白的降解新片段

血蓝蛋白是一种具有多种非特异性免疫学活性且可以产生免疫学活性降解片段的多功能蛋白。为了探索血蓝蛋白新的降解片段，本研究以凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei) 为研究对象，采用比较蛋白质学技术分析对虾感染病原菌后血清蛋白质组的变化。结果发现，对虾感染副溶血弧菌(V     

凡纳滨对虾28.5D血蓝蛋白的降解新片段

血蓝蛋白是一种具有多种非特异性免疫学活性且可以产生免疫学活性降解片段的多功能蛋白。为了探索血蓝蛋白新的降解片段，本研究以凡纳滨对虾旺itopenaeus vannamei）为研究对象，采用比较蛋白质学技术分析对虾感染病原菌后血清蛋白质组的变化。结果发现，对虾感染副溶血弧菌（Hbrio parahaemolyticus）12h后，血清中新增一种28．5kD的蛋白（命名为p28．5）。经MALDI-TOF／MS分析，其与凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白75kD亚基具有高度同源性。进一步研究显示，p28．5蛋白不仅可与抗血蓝蛋白抗体发生特异性结合，而且还与对虾抗感染能力呈正相关。由此推测，p28．5蛋白应该是对虾感染病原菌后产生的一种28．5kD血蓝蛋白降解新片段，其可能是血蓝蛋白发挥免疫学功能的一种新方式的产物。[中国水产科学，2008，15（3）：425-430]     

源于凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白的化学合成肽段的免疫调控活性

以源于血蓝蛋白化学合成肽段B1为研究对象,运用蛋白质组学、分子生物学等策略分析其对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)的免疫调控活性。结果显示,与对照组比,对虾在受到肽段B1刺激后,血浆中2条分子量分别为65 kD和35 kD的蛋白条带(分别命名为p65和p35)表达水平显著上调。经质谱和Western blot鉴定, p65、p35与包括对虾β-1,3-葡聚糖结合蛋白、葡聚糖模式识别脂蛋白、血蓝蛋白等在内的13个蛋白具有高度同源性,其中p65与兔抗血蓝蛋白抗体呈明显的阳性反应。实时荧光定量PCR检测显示,肽段B1刺激对虾24 h后, 5个质谱鉴定免疫相关基因:血蓝蛋白大亚基、血蓝蛋白小亚基、谷氨酰胺转氨酶、α2巨球蛋白亚型2、葡聚糖模式识别脂蛋白在肝胰腺、鳃和血细胞等组织中mRNA的表达水平显著性(P0.05)或极显著性(P0.01)上调。由此推测,源于凡纳滨对虾血蓝蛋白的化学合成肽段B1对包括血蓝蛋白在内的多种免疫因子的表达具有一定的调控作用。     

水体使用副溶血弧菌噬菌体对对虾体内宿主的防治研究

研究在水体使用噬菌体对感染病原菌对虾的治疗效果。在水体使用浓度分别为1×106,1×105,1×104pfu/mL的噬菌体对人工感染副溶血弧菌的凡纳滨对虾进行生物防治实验。结果显示,施加噬菌体的实验组对虾的死亡率明显低于对照组,对虾发病症状也较轻。凡纳滨对虾各组织器官含菌量实验表明,噬菌体对水体宿主裂解的同时,对虾体内器官的副溶血弧菌也被明显清除。水体中加入噬菌体使感染副溶血弧菌对虾体内的血细胞含量保持相对稳定。水体使用噬菌体对对虾副溶血弧菌病有积极的治疗作用。     

利用噬菌体防治对虾弧菌病的研究

用副溶血弧菌人工感染凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei),以口服和直接浸泡副溶血弧菌噬菌体两种方式处理对虾,9天内,实验组对虾的死亡率较弧菌对照组低66.7%,实验组对虾的组织器官中和实验水体中的弧菌含量均远低于弧菌对照组.实验结果表明:口服和直接浸泡副溶血弧菌噬菌体方式均可有效防治对虾弧菌病.     

细菌J-10对凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫指标的影响

以凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei boone)为试验材料，将细菌J-10添加到饲料中投喂对虾，测定其对凡纳滨对虾血清酚氧化酶(PO)、抗菌活力(Ua)和溶菌活力(U1)、溶血素活性和血清中蛋白含量的影响。结果显示，试验组各项指标均优于对照组，用副溶血弧菌进行人工攻毒，免疫保护率达到40％。结果表明，细菌J-10可以增强凡纳滨对虾的非特异性免疫功能。     

亚硝酸氮胁迫下噬菌体防治凡纳滨对虾弧菌病

在养殖水体不同亚硝酸氮的条件下,通过对凡纳滨对虾的毒性试验和检测对虾部分免疫指标的变化来研究副溶血弧菌噬菌体对对虾弧菌病的防治效果.试验设置0.005(对照)、0.75、1.50 mg/L和3.00 mg/L 4个不同亚硝酸氮的质量浓度作为胁迫组,并在此基础上加入副溶血弧菌设置为胁迫感染组,加入副溶血弧菌和噬菌体设置为...     

亚硝酸氮和副溶血弧菌对凡纳滨对虾部分免疫指标的影响

在养殖水体中含不同浓度亚硝酸氮的情况下,用副溶血弧菌浸泡感染的方式对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamzei)进行毒性实验;并检测了凡纳滨对虾在亚硝酸氮和弧菌胁迫下的部分免疫指标的变化,研究亚硝酸氮和副溶血弧菌对凡纳滨对虾免疫力的影响.结果表明,实验Ⅰ:亚硝酸氮浓度为0.75、1.50、3.00 mg/L组分别胁迫健康凡纳滨对虾,对虾的血细胞数、血清酚氧化酶活力、酸性磷酸酶活力、超氧化物歧化酶活力和过氧化氢酶活力均显著低于对照组(0.005 mg/L)(P<0.05);10 d时,0.005、0.75、1.50、3.00 mg/L组的对虾死亡率分别达到0%、16.7%、20.0%、26.7%.实验Ⅱ:亚硝酸氮胁迫同时,用副溶血弧菌感染对虾,与实验Ⅰ相比,对虾的各项免疫指标受到的影响更大,其各项免疫指标与相应的实验Ⅰ相比,均有显著的差异(P<0.05);第10天时,0.005、0.75、1.50、3.00 mg/L对虾死亡率分别达到33.3%、40.0%、46.7%、50.0%.可见亚硝酸氮浓度越高,弧菌对对虾免疫力的破坏性越大,对虾的死亡率也越高.     

副溶血弧菌对凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺抗氧化酶活性和基因表达的影响

为了研究致病性副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)对凡纳滨对虾(Litopanaeus vannamei)肝胰腺抗氧化酶活性及相关基因表达的影响,本研究选取始体重(2.20±0.24)g的健康凡纳滨对虾初270尾,将其随机分为2组,分别以0 CFU/m L和5×107 CFU/m L剂量的致病性副溶血弧菌对凡纳滨对虾进行浸浴攻毒实验。在实验第6小时、12小时、24小时和36小时取肝胰腺,进行抗氧化酶活性及免疫相关基因表达测定。结果显示,感染副溶血弧菌后,实验组对虾肝胰腺中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著高于对照组(P0.05),而过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)和谷胱甘肽-S转移酶(GST)活性随感染时间的增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势,CAT活性于第12小时达到最大值,而GSH-PX和GST分别在第6小时和第24小时达到最大值,此结果表明副溶血弧菌感染对凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺抗氧化酶活性有显著影响,对其机体免疫防御系统有明显的破坏作用。Rab蛋白基因(Rab)和干扰素-维甲酸联合应用诱导细胞凋亡相关基因(Grim-19)表达水平显著高于对照组(P0.05),抗菌肽crustin和酚氧化酶原基因(Pro PO)的表达水平呈现先升高后降低趋势,分别在第12小时和第24小时达到最大值,分别为11.4倍和28.2倍,而GST基因表达水平在第12~36小时显著低于对照组(P0.05)。m TOR信号通路中真核细胞始动因子4E结合蛋白(4EBP)基因的表达水产显著高于对照组(P0.05),真核细胞翻译启动因子1(e IF4E1A)和真核细胞翻译启动因子2(e IF4E2)基因的表达水平呈现先升高后降低的趋势,分别在第12小时和第6小时达到最大值,分别为2.6倍和1.6倍,核糖体S6蛋白激酶基因(P70s6k)的表达水平显著低于对照组(P0.05)。上述结果表明,凡纳滨对虾感染致病性副溶血弧菌后,肝胰腺抗氧化酶活性及免疫相关基因的表达均受到显著影响。     

饲料中添加益生菌对凡纳滨对虾抗感染和5种免疫基因表达的影响

为研究饲料中添加益生菌对凡纳滨对虾抗副溶血弧菌感染能力和非特异性免疫基因表达水平的影响,以初体质量为(6.95±1.20)g的凡纳滨对虾为研究对象,在室内养殖箱进行3周的养殖实验和2周的副溶血弧菌人工感染实验;其中,对照组每日投喂普通商品饲料,实验组每日投喂在普通商品饲料中添加地衣芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌/枯草芽孢杆菌(1:1)配制成的3组实验饲料,实验饲料中益生菌的终浓度为10⁷ cfu/g。并采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法,对保护率最高的地衣芽孢杆菌/枯草芽孢杆菌实验组进行凡纳滨对虾相关免疫基因表达水平的分析。实验结果表明,在饲料中添加单一益生菌或复合益生菌均可显著提高对虾抗副溶血弧菌感染的能力(P<0.05),且复合益生菌的保护效果更佳,其相对免疫保护率为31.11%。感染副溶血弧菌后,地衣芽孢杆菌+枯草芽孢杆菌实验组凡纳滨对虾血淋巴中的先天免疫缺陷基因(innate immune deficiency gene,IMD)、对虾素3a分子(penaiedin 3a)、酚氧化酶原(prophenoloxidase,proPO)、溶菌酶(Lysozyme,LZM)和甲壳素Crustin的mRNA的相对表达量均显著上调,且分别在18～24 h达到最大值。实验结果提示:饲料中添加芽孢杆菌可有效提高凡纳滨对虾抗副溶血弧菌感染的能力,这种能力的提高可能是通过增加抗病相关基因的表达量实现的。     

Atlantic Fisheries Technological Conference,Moncton, NB,August 21, 1995

No abstract available for this article.     

Anguilla huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009, is a junior synonym of Anguilla luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009

Anguilla luzonensis and A. huangi were each described in 2009 using eels obtained from northern Luzon Island. We examined the taxonomic status of these two groups of eels using morphological and molecular genetic characters. There were no significant differences in two vertebrae counts between eels of A. luzonensis and A. huangi. Mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b genes sequences were obtained and compared among 28 specimens of A. luzonensis, the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi, and one specimen of the other 15 anguillid species. The specimens of A. luzonensis exhibited almost identical sequences, including the holotype, with only a few site differences, and the genetic difference between the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi was within the range of differences of specimens of A. luzonensis. The other anguillid species were genetically very different from A. luzonensis and A. huangi, although A. interioris is a closely related species. It is clear that A. luzonensis and A. huangi are the same species, and according to the principle of priority in zoological nomenclature, A. luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009 is the valid species name, and A. huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009 is a junior synonym of A. luzonensis.     

Surface disinfection of Pacific threadfin, Polydactylus sexfilis, and amberjack, Seriola rivoliana, eggs

The effects of exposing the eggs of Pacific threadfin and amberjack eggs (AEs) to different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide for 5 min on hatch rate and survival were assessed in a series of experiments using a petri dish model rearing system. Despite significant inter‐batch variation in hatch rate, it was shown that eggs of both species could be safely exposed to up to 11 340 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min. Exposure to 34 230 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min was shown to be lethal to AEs at a late stage of development. In two further experiments, it was demonstrated that Pacific threadfin eggs were resistant to all tested concentrations of a range of polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (PVP‐I) concentrations and contact times (up to 1000 mg L⁻¹ PVP‐I for 10 min). The level of bacteria adhering to the eggs of both species was highly variable. Where eggs were heavily colonized (>10⁴ cfu egg⁻¹), hydrogen peroxide concentrations of at least 11 340 mg L⁻¹, or PVP‐I concentrations higher than 500 mg L⁻¹ for 10 min, were required for effective sterilization. In less colonized batches, rinsing in sterile seawater or exposure to lower (550 mg L⁻¹) concentrations of H₂O₂ was sufficient to result in high apparent levels of surface sterility (<1 cfu egg⁻¹).     

Age,growth, maturity and the overfishing of the iconic sciaenid,Argyrosomus japonicus,in south-eastern,Australia

Mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) occur in estuarine and coastal waters surrounding Australia, Africa, India, Pakistan, China, Korea and Japan, where they are important in fisheries. This study identified that mulloway in south-eastern Australia had similar growth rates, but matured at smaller lengths and younger ages, to those in South Africa and Western Australia. Growth of both sexes was similar to about 5 years, after which females grew faster and attained a greater maximum length than males. Female mulloway matured at 4–5 years of age with a L₅₀ of 68 cm, whereas males matured at 2–3 years of age with a L₅₀ of 51 cm. The commercial fishery in New South Wales was characterised by declining catches and a reduction in the proportion of mulloway of mature lengths in landings. During 2002–2005 commercial landings were dominated (83%) by fish within 15 cm of the current minimum legal total length of 45 cm and aged 2 and 3 years (>80%), even though mulloway can attain lengths of 200 cm and live >30 years. Estimates of the rates of instantaneous total mortality ranged between 0.34 and 0.45, whilst the rate of instantaneous natural mortality (M) was estimated to be approximately 0.12. Yield-per-recruit analyses indicated that mulloway in New South Wales are being growth overfished and substantial increases in yield could be achieved by increasing the length at first harvest. Values of the spawning potential ratio were below 0.2 under a range of mortality estimates, suggesting that mulloway are at risk of recruitment overfishing. These results suggest that the spawning stock of mulloway in south-eastern Australia has been depleted and that remedial management action is required to protect this iconic species.     

Marine and coastal protected and conserved areas strategy in Brazil: Context,lessons, challenges,finance, participation,new management models,and first results

1. In the last two decades, Brazil has advanced significantly with the expansion and improvement of its national system of protected areas. Until recently most of the expansion was concentrated in the Amazon region (with useful lessons). It also had an uneven ecological representation of coastal and marine ecosystems, concentrated in coastal waters. Despite significant advances, the levels of funding, staff and stakeholders' engagement remain relatively low for such a vast system.
2. Within the past few years, key elements of a new strategy for protection of coastal and marine areas have started to emerge, combined with some participatory processes and a focus on expansion of the total area protected (from <1.5% protection of the country's marine area). These included: a renewed focus on priority areas for conservation; attention to national and international commitments and targets; clarity about the need for partnerships and funding; better engagement of Brazilian society and stakeholders; new, and more collaborative, models of protected areas management and conservation; and openness in the relationships with wider society.
3. Significant results of this effort have started to appear: new large mosaics of oceanic protected areas were created; Amazon mangroves were recognized by the Ramsar Convention; new mangrove protected areas were created, besides other ones proposed; project proposals are under development with partners for better funding and sharing of responsibility; and there is a better engagement with stakeholders. The building of the Brazilian Blue Initiative is underway.
4. The implementation of the proposed 15‐year marine strategy is at its onset: partnerships need to be strengthened and substantial funding is required. It will only be possible to manage the larger system of protected areas if there are more collaborative and innovative models for protected areas and conservation management. These should include partnerships with civil society, local and traditional communities and the private sector, as well as greater engagement of scientists and research institutions, stronger and more qualified tourism, volunteer work, etc. Further innovative funding mechanisms will also be needed along the way.

     

驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼形态观察

对驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼的形态特征进行了详细的观察与研究,描述了从受精卵到仔、稚、幼鱼各发育期的时间和形态特征变化。结果表明,在水温25-26℃、盐度30的海水中,受精卵历时27 h 25 min完成整个胚胎发育过程,经历从卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚到肌节形成、各器官的逐渐形成、变化、完善等一系列的胚胎发育和变化过程;根据其卵黄囊消长情况、鳞片的覆盖状态、体色发生的不同变化以及第二背鳍和腹鳍的消长,将胚后发育分为仔、稚、幼鱼3个阶段。在水温22-26℃、盐度29-31、DO≥5 mg/L的条件下,2-3 d仔鱼卵黄囊消失,开口摄食;生长发育至31 d,仔鱼已变态进入稚鱼期;培育至57 d,稚鱼完成变态,成为幼鱼。第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的生长与收缩等石斑鱼类早期发育的共性生长特征及其体表特性体色变化特征为驼背鲈胚后发育过程中最明显的特征。     

Factors influencing the abundance of the common bully, Gobiomorphus cotidianus McDowall, in small, North Island, New Zealand, lakes

Adult common bullies, Gobiomorphus cotidianus McDowall, are small (total length =  30–120 mm), benthic fish commonly found in the littoral zones of New Zealand lakes where they are a major prey species for trout and eels. Differences in their relative abundance (CPUE) were determined between 21 shallow North Island lakes. Mean CPUE ranged from 2 to >  1000 fish net^{− 1} night^{− 1} and was inversely related to water transparency. The abundance of bullies was not reduced in lakes containing rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), but was reduced in all lakes containing self-recruiting populations of eels, Anguilla spp. Mean densities of planktonic larval bullies in the limnetic zone were also inversely related to water transparency. Since low water transparency is related to increased trophic status for these lakes, the abundance of bullies is likely to be related to lake productivity, rather than turbidity.     

Annual Meeting of the Pacific Fisheries Technologists,Red Lion Inn,San Diego,CA, February 18-21, 1996

No abstract available for this article.     

Effects of Mosquitofish,Gambusia affinis,on Channel Catfish,Ictalurus puncatatus,Production Ponds

Mosquitofish, Gambusia sp., have been spread throughout the world to biologically control mosquitoes. However, the fish has gained a reputation as an invasive species and has been implicated in displacing native aquatic species. Gambusia affinis are native to the southeastern United States and commonly occur in commercial channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, production ponds. We investigated effects of mosquitofish presence on zooplankton populations, water quality, disease occurrence, and fish production in experimental ponds. There were no differences between ponds with or without mosquitofish in numbers of calanoid copepods, cyclopoid copepods, total copepods, Bosmina sp., Ceriodaphnia sp., Moina sp., Daphnia sp., or total cladocerans. There were also no differences in copepod and cladoceran sizes. Copepod nauplii were more numerous during the summer months in ponds with mosquitofish. There were no differences in water quality variables (soluble reactive phosphorus, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, pH) or phytoplankton density between ponds stocked with and without mosquitofish. Catfish production and disease occurrence were also similar between ponds with and without mosquitofish. Although mosquitofish may cause problems when stocked outside their native range, there does not appear to be any adverse effects of mosquitofish presence in catfish production ponds.