硬质海岸防护设施的生态效应与对策

虽然滨海地区占地球陆地面积不足4%，但沿海生境是全球最有价值的自然资源之一。世界上超过三分之一的人口生活在距海岸线100 km的范围内。气候变化和人类活动使得全球海岸侵蚀和风暴潮威胁加重。海岸防护可以有效抵御海岸侵蚀、风暴风险和海平面上升。本文概述了全球主要沿海国家和地区（欧盟、美国、中国）海岸硬化情况以及海岸硬化带来的生态效应。欧洲海岸线硬化比例为10%（2006年），美国海岸的硬化比例为14%（2015年），而中国海岸线的硬化比例近60%（2014年）。海岸硬化会引起滨海湿地重要物理、化学和生物过程的改变，生境丧失和破碎化，以及生物连通性的改变。增加硬化设施的结构复杂性或由混合型海岸代替传统硬化海岸可以减轻海岸硬化对滨海湿地生态系统的威胁，但对硬质海岸和混合型海岸的生态服务功能以及抵御风暴能力的评估还比较缺乏，有待进一步研究。     

Incubation success and habitat selection of shore‐spawning kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka: effects of water‐level regulation and habitat characteristics

Changes to water‐level regimes have been known to restructure fish assemblages and interfere with the population dynamics of both littoral and pelagic species. The effect of altered water‐level regimes on shore‐spawning kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka incubation success was evaluated using a comprehensive in situ study in Lake Pend Oreille, ID, USA. Survival was not related to substrate size composition or depth, indicating that shore‐spawning kokanee do not currently receive a substrate‐mediated survival benefit from higher winter water levels. Substrate composition also did not differ among isobaths in the nearshore area. On average, the odds of an egg surviving to the preemergent stage were more than three times greater for sites in downwelling areas than those lacking downwelling. This study revealed that shoreline spawning habitat is not as limited as previously thought. Downwelling areas appear to contribute substantially to shore‐spawning kokanee recruitment. This research illustrates the value of rigorous in situ studies both for testing potential mechanisms underlying population trends and providing insight into spawning habitat selection.     

普兰店市海洋生态环境保护对策研究

根据目前普兰店市沿海地区海洋生态环境保护状况,结合普兰店生态市建设规划,分析普兰店市存在的主要海洋生态环境问题,基于海域环境容量的结果,针对存在的主要问题及当前社会经济快速发展的实际情况,提出海洋生态环境保护对策。     

不同功能区域乡村河道岸线植物景观设计研究

随着新农村建设的稳步推进,乡村面貌发生着巨大的变化,居民旅游的重心也逐渐向乡村倾斜,越来越多的人选择到农村观光、采摘、品农家菜等。然而如此对乡村河道毫无节制地开发、利用和改造已经给乡村河道带来严重的生命危机,基于乡村河道岸线的不同功能对乡村河岸线划分不同的区段,并针对不同区段的特点融合生态理念,对植物景观设计进行研究,只为减轻河道污染状况保护河道生态环境,同时营造出宜人的乡村河道景观。     

Environmental determinants of perch (Perca fluviatilis) growth in gravel pit lakes and the relative performance of simple versus complex ecological predictors

Growth of fish is an important contributor to individual fitness as well as fish production. Explaining and predicting growth variation across populations is thus important from fundamental and applied perspectives, which requires knowledge about the ecological factors involved in shaping growth. To that end, we estimated environment-dependent von Bertalanffy growth models for 13 gravel pit lake populations of Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) from north-western Germany. To identify the main drivers of perch growth, we evaluated the performance of 16 different biotic or abiotic lake variables in explaining growth variation among lakes. In addition, we compared growth predictions from the best-performing model incorporating “complex” variables that require intensive sampling effort, with a model using only “simple”, easily measurable lake variables (e.g. shoreline development factor). The derivation of a simple model aimed at future applications in typically data-poor inland fisheries, predicting expected growth potential from easily measurable lake variables. A model combining metabolic biomass of predators, maximum depth and shoreline development factor performed best in predicting perch growth variation across gravel pits. All three parameters in this model were positively related to perch growth. The best-performing simple model consisted only of the shoreline development factor. Length-at-age predictions from both models were largely identical, highlighting the utility of shoreline development factor in approximating growth potential of perch in gravel pits similar to our study lakes. Our results can be used to inform fisheries management and restoration efforts at existing or newly excavated gravel pit lakes.     

Culture-based fisheries in non-perennial reservoirs of Sri Lanka: influence of reservoir morphometry and stocking density on yield

Abstract  Culture-based fish yield in non-perennial reservoirs of Sri Lanka was related to reservoir morphometry and stocking density. The reservoirs were stocked mainly with fingerlings of one Chinese and three Indian major carp species, common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., and the genetically improved farmed tilapia strain of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), at four pre-determined species combinations and a range of stocking densities [ SD (fingerlings ha⁻¹)]. Twenty-three reservoirs were harvested successfully at the end of the culture period of 2002–2003. Basic limnological and morphometric parameters, including shoreline development ( D _L ) and shoreline area ratio ( R _LA ), were estimated for each of the 23 reservoirs. Bray–Curtis similarity and non-metric multidimensional scaling using mean values of limnological data revealed that reservoirs could be ordinated into two major clusters, one with intact sample distribution due to similar trophic characteristics and the other with scattered sample distribution. Reservoirs in the cluster with similar trophic characteristics showed significant correlation ( P  < 0.05) between R _LA and total fish yield ( Y ). A multiple regression equation, Y  = −693 + 4810  R _LA  + 0.484 SD , was generated to estimate fish harvest in relation to SD .     

现代黄河口海岸侵蚀动力灾害预测探讨

自1976年黄河人工改道走清水沟流路以来，现代黄河口总体处于淤进状态。由于海洋动力的侵蚀作用，使得现代黄河口也产生了海岸侵蚀动力灾害，造成了水土流失。经过对河口地区1986-2004年间遥感图像进行比较分析，有关海岸位置的原始数据间存在有近似的二元一次线性相关关系，通过建立回归模型，对2005-2010年河口地区海岸侵蚀动力灾害进行了预测探讨，供有关部门参考。     

洞庭湖区滩地不同土地利用类型土壤呼吸动态

土壤呼吸受到多种生物和非生物因素的影响,基于洞庭湖区滩地3种不同土地利用方式和不同时间尺度,分析土壤呼吸动态变化及与环境影响因子的关系,有助于深入了解滩地土壤呼吸变化的机理及精确推算碳的排放。采用LI-8100气体分析仪对洞庭湖区滩地芦苇地、农田、杨树林地土壤呼吸动态进行野外测定,分析不同土地利用类型土壤呼吸速率的日变化和季节变化,并对土壤呼吸速率与近地表温度、0～5 cm土壤含水量、0～5 cm土壤温度、空气湿度等环境因子之间的关系进行相关性分析。结果表明：3种土地利用类型土壤呼吸速率的季节和日变化比较明显,其动态均表现为单峰型,高峰值出现时间存在差异,而最低值大致出现在凌晨5：00;不同土地利用类型土壤呼吸作用强弱表现为芦苇地〉杨树林地〉农田;3种土地利用类型土壤呼吸速率均与近地表温度、0～5 cm土壤含水量、0～5 cm土壤温度极显著相关（P〈0.01）;杨树林地土壤呼吸速率与空气湿度呈极显著相关。总之,土壤呼吸主要受到温度和0～5 cm土壤含水量的协同作用。图2表3参11     

菜籽生物柴油修复原油污染海滩的实验研究

通过实验研究了菜籽生物柴油促进原油污染海滩的生物修复效果,并探讨了不同形态氮源下生物柴油对生物修复的促进作用.结果表明,生物柴油投加量为海水的2.5%(v/v)时效果最好,24 d内原油去除率可达到72%;混合性氮源较单一形式的氮源能更好地促进微生物的生长和对原油的代谢,24 d内原油的去除率可达到80%.     

基于数字岸线分析系统(DSAS)的湖泊岸线时空演变特征分析 ——以升金湖为例

为了揭示2000—2020年升金湖岸线时空演变特征,运用数字岸线分析系统（DSAS）,以5个年份的Landsat遥感影像为数据源,对湖泊岸线的时空演变进行定量分析。结果表明：2000—2020年期间,升金湖岸线的变化主要集中在杨峨头、佘干、大州、七星墩、唐田以及马料湖附近,影响湖岸线变化的主要因素包括降水和水产养殖、乱砍滥伐、过度灌溉等人类活动。2000—2015年湖岸线变化趋势复杂,扩张和收缩并存,这个阶段影响湖泊岸线变化的主要因素是水产养殖、乱砍滥伐、过度灌溉等人类活动。在升金湖环境得到改善之后,2015—2020年降水成为影响湖泊岸线变化的主导因素,由于降水量的增多,大部分岸线缓慢增长,佘干附近的湖岸线增长明显。升金湖上湖草滩退化严重,淤泥堆积,且受人类活动干扰较多,导致佘干附近湖泊岸线波动频繁,变化剧烈。下湖神头山和唐田附近受乱砍滥伐的影响较大,岸线变迁较为频繁。马料湖附近水田较多,过度灌溉导致马料湖附近湖岸线小范围收缩。研究结果可为湖泊生态环境保护和监测提供理论基础。