基于Hertz接触理论的黑水虻幼虫碰撞恢复系数测定

为建立黑水虻幼虫与收集、输送、分离等机械工作部件间发生碰撞时的碰撞模型，基于黑水虻幼虫生物特性，应用Hertz弹性碰撞理论推导了黑水虻幼虫碰撞过程动力学方程，结合运动学方程原理构建了黑水虻幼虫恢复系数的测定装置并进行了黑水虻幼虫恢复系数测定试验。试验针对第5龄期的黑水虻幼虫，采用L16(44×23)混合正交试验方案研究了碰撞材料、材料厚度、下落高度、碰撞角、跌落方向、含水率等因素对黑水虻幼虫恢复系数的影响，然后对碰撞材料、材料厚度、下落高度、碰撞角、跌落方向进行单因素试验，并获得了材料厚度、下落高度、碰撞角对恢复系数的影响规律与回归方程，且方程的决定系数均不小于0.9427。试验结果表明，影响黑水虻幼虫恢复系数的因素影响由大到小为：碰撞材料、下落高度、碰撞角、跌落方向、碰撞材料厚度、含水率，其中含水率对恢复系数影响不显著。单因素试验结果可得：黑水虻幼虫与Q235钢、铝合金、有机玻璃、橡胶等碰撞材料间的恢复系数依次降低，随下落高度的增大而逐渐减小，随材料厚度的增加而逐渐增大，恢复系数随碰撞角的增大而整体呈增大趋势，且横向跌落方向大于纵向跌落方向。该文研究结果可为黑水虻幼虫收集、输送、分离等机械相关工作部件优化设计提供参考依据。     

不同杀虫剂及其组合对梨小食心虫初孵幼虫的毒力及田间防效

采用浸泡幼果法测定了6种杀虫剂及其两元复配组合对梨小食心虫初孵幼虫的毒力, 并将筛选出的增效组合在田间进行防效验证。结果表明, 阿维菌素、氯虫苯甲酰胺、高效氯氟氰菊酯、呋虫胺、噻虫嗪和溴氰虫酰胺对梨小食心虫初孵幼虫的致死中浓度(LC50)分别为：0.691、4.883、5.350、10.326、13.966和27.942 mg/L。两元复配组合中, 阿维菌素与呋虫胺复配组合(8∶1、2∶1、1∶1、1∶2和1∶4)、呋虫胺与氯虫苯甲酰胺复配组合(1∶4、1∶2、1∶1、2∶1和4∶1)、阿维菌素与氯虫苯甲酰胺复配组合(4∶1、1∶1和1∶4)和高效氯氟氰菊酯与呋虫胺复配组合(1∶4)具有增效作用。在梨小食心虫暴发为害年份、于梨果不同发育阶段进行田间防效验证, 阿维菌素与呋虫胺1∶4（12.5 mg/kg+50 mg/kg）、呋虫胺与氯虫苯甲酰胺2∶1(25 mg/kg+12.5 mg/kg)和阿维菌素与氯虫苯甲酰胺1∶1(12.5 mg/kg+12.5 mg/kg)对梨小食心虫的防效分别为75.02%~94.81%、50.04%~89.15%和42.90%~90.57%, 其中, 阿维菌素与呋虫胺(1∶4)的防治效果最好。     

Immunostimulatory effects of dietary poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate in European sea bass postlarvae

The stable production of high‐quality fry in marine aquaculture is still hampered by unpredictable mortality caused by infectious diseases during larval rearing. Consequently, the development of new biocontrol agents is crucial for a viable aquaculture industry. The bacterial energy storage compound poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate (PHB) has been shown to exhibit beneficial properties on aquatic organisms such as enhanced survival, growth, disease resistance and a controlling effect on the gastrointestinal microbiota. However, the effect of PHB on the developing immune system of fish larvae has so far not been investigated. In this study, the effect of feeding PHB‐enriched Artemia nauplii on survival, growth and immune response in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) postlarvae was examined. Amorphous PHB was administered to 28‐day‐old sea bass postlarvae over a period of 10 days. The survival and growth performance were monitored, and the expression of 29 genes involved in immunity, growth, metabolism and stress‐response was measured. While the expression of the insulin‐like growth factor 1 (igf1), an indicator of relative growth, was upregulated in response to feeding PHB, the larval survival and growth performance remained unaffected. After 10 days of PHB treatment, the expression of the antimicrobial peptides dicentracin (dic) and hepcidin (hep) as well as mhc class IIa and mhc class IIb was elevated in the PHB fed postlarvae. This indicates that PHB is capable of stimulating the immune system of fish early life stages, which may be the cause of the increased resistance to diseases and robustness observed in previous studies.     

The importance of dietary HUFA for meagre larvae (Argyrosomus regius; Asso, 1801) and its relation with antioxidant vitamins E and C

Despite the interest of meagre (Argyrosomus regius) as a fast‐growing candidate for Mediterranean aquaculture diversification, there is a lack of information on nutrition along larval development. Importance of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) and the antioxidant vitamins E and vitamin C has not been investigated yet in this species. Six diets with two levels of HUFA (0.4% and 3% dw), two of vitamin E (1500 and 3000 mg kg^?1) and two of vitamin C (1800 and 3600 mg kg^?1) were fed to 15 dah meagre larvae. Larval growth in total length and dry body weight was significantly lowest in larvae fed diet 0.4/150/180 and showed few lipid droplets in enterocytes and hepatocytes and lower HUFA contents than the initial larvae. Increase in dietary HUFA up to 3%, significantly improved larval growth and lipid absorption and deposition. Besides, among fish fed 3% HUFA, increase in vitamin E and vitamin C significantly improved body weight, as well as total lipid, 22:6n‐3 and n‐3 fatty acids contents in the larvae. Thus, the results showed that 0.4% dietary HUFA is not enough to cover the essential fatty acid requirements of larval meagre and a high HUFA requirement in weaning diets is foreseen for this species. Besides, the results also pointed out the importance of dietary vitamin E and C to protect these essential fatty acids from oxidation, increase their contents in the larvae and promote growth, suggesting high vitamin E and C requirements in meagre larvae (higher than 1500 and 1800 mg kg^?1 for vitamin E and vitamin C respectively).     

Cranial osteological development and abnormalities in northern palm ruff,Seriolella violacea (Guichenot, 1848), larvae and juveniles

Seriolella violacea, a new species to be potentially farmed in Chile and Peru, has shown cranial malformations during farming that could adversely affect its commercial development. This study seeks to generate early knowledge of the osteological development and type of cranial abnormalities that this species presents under culture conditions. Larvae from wild caught broodstock were reared from 1 to 60 days post hatching (DPH) (4.8 ± 0.1 mm TL and 11.8 ± 1.0 mm TL respectively). Larvae samples were collected throughout the experimental trial for recording cranial osteological development and abnormalities in cartilage and bone. At 5.7 ± 0.1 mm TL, coraco‐scapular, sclerotic, ethmoid plate and quadrate cartilages were present. At 8.0 ± 0.6 mm TL, early ossification was observed in the jaw, premaxilla and maxilla. At 11.8 ± 1.0 mm TL, the branchiostegal rays, jaw, maxilla and opercular complex were ossified. The first cartilaginous structures observed were the Meckel's cartilage, the branchial arches and the suspensory ligament. The first cranial malformations were detected at 5.7 ± 0.1 mm TL, coinciding with mouth opening. The most frequent malformations were a curvature of the lower jaw (23.1%), abnormal separation between branchial arches and the Meckel's cartilage (19.4%) and bulging jaws (15.7%).     

凡纳滨对虾商业苗种抗WSSV性能比较

白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)一直是甲壳类生物的高致病性病原。为了解市场上不同凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)商业苗种病原携带情况及其抗WSSV性能,本研究收集了6个品牌的凡纳滨对虾商业苗种(分别简称为海南Z、海南S、广州P、广州Z、黄骅R和东营M),先进行包括WSSV在内的8种病原的检测,然后,采用单尾定量口饲感染方式进行抗WSSV性能测试,并比较各组苗种感染WSSV后的平均存活时间、存活率以及累积死亡率的差异。结果显示,6个商业苗种都不携带WSSV,部分苗种检测有潜在虾肝肠胞虫(EHP)和偷死野田村病毒(CMNV)。各苗种感染WSSV后,平均存活时间从长到短依次为海南Z、广州P、黄骅R、海南S、广州Z、东营M。东营M感染WSSV后第4天达到死亡高峰,而海南Z在第6~7天到达死亡高峰,比东营M晚了2~3d。感染实验结束后,海南Z和广州P存活率最高,同为72.5%,而东营M和黄骅R的存活率最低。本研究表明,海南Z和广州P抗WSSV性能最强,研究结果可为凡纳滨对虾抗病新品种的选育提供基础数据。     

Analysis of sinking death using video images of the swimming performance of Pacific Bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) larvae

In this study, we aimed to clarify the mechanism of sinking death during the larval stage of Pacific Bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis by investigating the effects of swimming performance on sinking death, using a behavioral approach. Swimming performance was examined 3–9 days after hatching (DAH) under day and night light conditions in cuboid experimental tanks. Swimming behavior variables such as swimming speed and swimming angle were measured under both light conditions. Larvae in the daytime experiment and larvae with inflated swim bladders at night were distributed on the surface layer of the water column. In contrast, larvae with uninflated swim bladders at night were frequently observed swimming vertically or sinking to the bottom of the tank. Larvae with inflated swim bladders at night were always distributed beneath the surface until the next morning (survival rates were 100 %). However, larvae with uninflated swim bladders at night swam upward repeatedly and later sank to the bottom of the tank (survival rates were 60 % and 38 % at 5 and 9 DAH, respectively). Larvae with uninflated swim bladders were not always able to maintain their swimming depth by swimming until the next morning. Additionally, their swimming speed and vertical swimming frequency (ratio) depended on the illumination and swim bladder conditions. Our findings show that larvae with uninflated swim bladders at night were associated with a higher risk of sinking death. The swimming energy capacity of Pacific Bluefin tuna larvae, which indicates the total amount of the energy that enables individuals to swim throughout the night without feeding, was found to be linked to sinking death.     

Seasonal patterns of gastrointestinal nematode infection in goats on two Lithuanian farms

Background

This study investigated seasonal changes in naturally acquired gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections on two Lithuanian goat farms with different parasite control practices.

Findings

On both farms, nematode faecal egg counts (FEC) and larval cultures were obtained from 15 adult and 10 young goats at bi-weekly intervals from April 2012 to April 2013. Goats on farm A were dewormed with ivermectin (0.3 mg/kg body weight) in October/November 2012, whereas the animals on farm B were left untreated. Thirteen young goats were slaughtered in August/November 2012 and April 2013 and worm burdens in the gastrointestinal tract were enumerated. In goats from both farms, Teladorsagia, Trichostrongylus, Oesophagostomum, Chabertia and Haemonchus were the dominant GIN genera. Herbage contamination with infective third-stage larvae (L₃) peaked in July/August and resulted in high FEC in September/October. Parasitological examination at slaughter showed that Teladorsagia spp. and Haemonchus contortus survived the winter, both in the abomasal mucosa as adults and as early fourth-stage larvae (EL₄). Deworming on farm A significantly reduced FEC, especially of H. contortus, at the start of the grazing period compared with the untreated farm B (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Goats were heavily infected with several GIN throughout the year. Strategic anthelmintic treatment during housing significantly reduced nematode egg output, in particular by H. contortus, at the start of the grazing season.