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Analysis of sinking death using video images of the swimming performance of Pacific Bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) larvae |
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| Institution: | 1. Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204, Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan;2. Skretting Co., Ltd., 3-12-1, Hakata-eki Higashi Hakata, Fukuoka, 812-0013, Japan;3. Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1, Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan;4. Shirahama Experiment Station, Aquaculture Research Institute, Kindai University, 3153, Shirahama, Wakayama 649-2211, Japan;5. Ohshima Experiment Station, Aquaculture Research Institute, Kindai University, 1790-4, Ohshima, Kushimoto, Wakayama 649-3633, Japan;6. National Research Institute of Far Seas Fisheries, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 5-7-1 Shimizu, Shizuoka 424-8633, Japan;1. Fisheries Engineering Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 216, Gijang-haeanro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, South Korea;2. Department of Marine Production Management, Chonnam National University, 50 Daehak-ro, Yeosu, Jeollananm-Do, 59626, South Korea;3. Division of Marine Production System Management, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Busan 48513, South Korea;1. Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan, Republic of Korea;2. Sekwang Engineering Consultants CO., LTD, Seoul, Republic of Korea;1. Department of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand;2. Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand;3. Integrated Biorefinery Excellent Center (IBC), School of Energy and Environment, University of Phayao, Phayao, 56000, Thailand;1. Craft & Hawkins, Department of Petroleum Engineering, Louisiana State University, 3207 Patrick F. Taylor Hall, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA;2. Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, 149 E. B. Doran Building, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA;3. Aquatic Germplasm and Genetic Resources Center, School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 2288 Gourrier Avenue, Baton Rouge, LA, 70820, USA;1. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Gulf Fisheries Centre, 343 Université Ave., Moncton, NB, E1C 9B6, Canada;1. North Carolina State University, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Raleigh, NC, United States;2. North Carolina State University, Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, Raleigh, NC, United States |
| Abstract: | In this study, we aimed to clarify the mechanism of sinking death during the larval stage of Pacific Bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis by investigating the effects of swimming performance on sinking death, using a behavioral approach. Swimming performance was examined 3–9 days after hatching (DAH) under day and night light conditions in cuboid experimental tanks. Swimming behavior variables such as swimming speed and swimming angle were measured under both light conditions. Larvae in the daytime experiment and larvae with inflated swim bladders at night were distributed on the surface layer of the water column. In contrast, larvae with uninflated swim bladders at night were frequently observed swimming vertically or sinking to the bottom of the tank. Larvae with inflated swim bladders at night were always distributed beneath the surface until the next morning (survival rates were 100 %). However, larvae with uninflated swim bladders at night swam upward repeatedly and later sank to the bottom of the tank (survival rates were 60 % and 38 % at 5 and 9 DAH, respectively). Larvae with uninflated swim bladders were not always able to maintain their swimming depth by swimming until the next morning. Additionally, their swimming speed and vertical swimming frequency (ratio) depended on the illumination and swim bladder conditions. Our findings show that larvae with uninflated swim bladders at night were associated with a higher risk of sinking death. The swimming energy capacity of Pacific Bluefin tuna larvae, which indicates the total amount of the energy that enables individuals to swim throughout the night without feeding, was found to be linked to sinking death. |
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