Gymnastic Training of Hippotherapy Horses Benefits Gait Quality When Ridden by Riders with Different Body Weights

The objective was to evaluate the effects of gymnastic training on stride characteristics of walk and trot in therapy horses carrying riders of different weights. Eighteen horses used for therapeutic riding 5 days/week were randomly divided into 2 groups. Nine horses performed gymnastic (GYM) exercises after therapeutic riding on 4 days/week for 3 months, 9 horses did no additional exercises (SED). On days 0 and 90, an inertial sensor mounted to the girth on the ventral midline was used to evaluate stride characteristics when horses were ridden at walk (1.3 m/second) and trot (3.0 m/second) by able-bodied riders representing rider: horse body weight ratios (BWRs) 15%, 20%, and 25%. On day 0, the measured variables did not differ significantly between sedentary (SED) and GYM groups, but on day 90, the following statistically significant results were found: GYM-trained horses had higher regularity for all BWRs at walk and 15% and 20% BWRs at trot. Higher stride symmetry was found in GYM-trained horses carrying 25% BWRs at walk and all rider weights at trot. Dorsoventral displacement was higher in GYM-trained horses when carrying 20% and 25% BWRs at walk and 25% BWRs at trot. Dorsoventral power was lower in SED-trained versus GYM-trained horses carrying 15% BWR at walk and 20% BWR at trot. A more regular and symmetrical stride with a larger range of dorsoventral trunk motion is likely to provide a better therapeutic riding experience.     

Oxidation of diazinon and malathion by myeloperoxidase

The aim of the work was to investigate the in vitro oxidation of diazinon and malathion, organophosphorous pesticides (OPs) containing phosphorthioate group, catalyzed by enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO). The oxidation was performed in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The products were identified as oxon derivatives (phosphates), where the sulfur atom from thioate group was substituted by an oxygen atom. No hydrolysis products were detected after enzyme - induced oxidation. The oxidation efficiency was controlled using acethylcholinesterase (AChE) bioassay for determination of oxon derivatives concentration. The influence of OPs concentration, incubation time of OPs with MPO, as well as MPO concentration on the yield of oxo forms was investigated. Kinetic constants of MPO in oxidation of malathion and diazinon were estimated. The maximum concentration of oxo forms was achieved after 10 min incubation of OPs in 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) with 100 nM MPO.     

喷嘴形状对喷洒水滴动能的影响

对特定的土壤来说，喷洒水滴动能是优选喷头型式时需要考虑的重要因素。利用面粉法测得的圆形和方形喷嘴的水滴分布资料，用水滴运动方程确定水滴落地时的速度，计算了单位质量水滴沿径向不同位置处的动能和总动能。在相同压力下，方形喷嘴形成的水滴所具有的动能小于同流量的圆形喷嘴；在满足一定的水滴总动能要求时，方形喷嘴可在比圆形喷嘴低９８ｋＰａ的压力下工作，从而达到节能的目的。通过分析得出了可用于由中数直径估算中压喷头的水滴总动能的回归方程。还研究了竖管高度对水滴总动能的影响。结果表明，在常用的竖管高度范围内，高度每升高１ｍ，圆形喷嘴的水滴总动能增加约５％，方形喷嘴的水滴总动能增加６％～９％。     

极化型静电分级机设计理论

通过极化型静电分级机的结构介绍及种子在静电场中的运动学特性分析,提出了有关种子和静电场的假说,建立了种子在静电场中的运动方程。通过对种子在静电场中的运动特性研究,发现种子的极化力质比是影响极化型静电分级机分离质量的重要因素,是设计极化型静电分级机的关键参数;应通过大量的试验来建立种子极化力质比数据库,满足极化型静电分级机设计的需求。     

NaCl对大麦硝态氮吸收动力学特征的影响

采用营养液培养方法研究了不同盐分和氮水平对大麦‘鉴四’(Hordeum vulgare L.)生长及硝态氮(NO3?-N)吸收动力学参数特征的影响。结果表明:不同浓度NO3?-N与Na Cl预处理后,大麦对NO3?吸收符合离子吸收动力学模型,其吸收动力学参数表现为NO3?预处理浓度增加后,Vmax增大,Km值增加,但增加的幅度不一致。对高亲和力系统来说,所有预处理大麦的NO3?-N吸收曲线均符合Michaelis-Menten方程的描述。1 mmol?L?1NO3?-N预处理中,120 mmol?L?1 Na Cl预处理比1 mmol?L?1 Na Cl预处理显著提高了NO3?-N的吸收速率;10 mmol?L?1NO3?-N预处理时,120 mmol?L?1 Na Cl预处理与1 mmol?L?1 Na Cl预处理无显著性差异。表明低氮环境下生长的大麦,其根系NO3?-N高亲和力系统受Na Cl影响较大。对低亲和力系统来说,所有预处理大麦的NO3?-N吸收曲线均符合Michaelis-Menten方程的描述。在1 mmol?L?1 NO3?-N预处理中,与1 mmol?L?1 Na Cl预处理相比,120 mmol?L?1 Na Cl胁迫的大麦NO3?-N吸收速率显著提高;10 mmol?L?1 NO3?-N预处理中,120 mmol?L?1 Na Cl与1 mmol?L?1 Na Cl处理相比,降低了大麦的NO3?-N吸收速率。表明低氮环境下生长的大麦,盐胁迫对其根系低亲和力系统有促进作用,而高氮环境下生长的大麦,盐胁迫对其低亲和力系统的NO3?-N吸收没提高作用。     

土壤非交换性钾释放动力学特征及其生物

采用生物耗竭法和0.2mol L-1的NaTPB化学浸提法,利用不同动力学方程对我国8种主要土壤非交换性钾的释钾特性及其生物有效性进行定量评估。结果表明,供试土壤非交换性钾释放分为快速释放和稳定释放两个阶段,一级动力学方程、Elovich 方程、双常数曲线方程和抛物线扩散方程均能描述土壤非交换性钾的释放过程。根据双常数方程中的参数（a）所表征的土壤非交换性钾释放速率常数,供试8种土壤的释钾能力按取土地区存在着自西向东、自北向南渐减的趋势。盆栽试验中,在累积释钾量高且释放速率快的土壤上,黑麦草累积生物量、累积吸钾量和相对含钾量较高,表现出强的供钾能力;与此相反,累积释放量低且释放速率慢的土壤上,黑麦草各项指标偏低,供钾能力较弱。以黑麦草钾素丰缺临界值34.00 mg kg-1 DW-1和土壤非交换性钾释放速率396.32 mg kg-1 h-1作为评价指标,供试8种土壤中,仅取自新疆石河子、陕西常武和黑龙江哈尔滨地区的土壤在短期不施用钾肥的情况下能保证黑麦草丰产且不出现缺钾症状。因此,为了维持土壤钾素平衡和保证作物高产稳产,在我国西北、东北地区耕地土壤中应加强秸秆的循环利用,而在华中和华东地区则需增施钾肥和有机肥。     

UV-B辐射胁迫对水稻叶绿素荧光动力学的影响

研究结果表明，增强的紫外线－B（UV－B，280－320nm）辐射会导致水稻植株矮化4.71%-16.59%、叶面积变小、干物质生产量减少11.79%-60.57%。究其原因主要是叶片光合作用色素叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量的降低和叶绿素a荧光动力学参数的改变，光合系统Ⅱ受到破坏，光合作用能力下降、生长发育受阻。     

酪氨酸酶的提取及其催化活性研究

［目的］进一步研究影响酪氨酸催化活性的因素，减少黑色素在生物体内的生成。［方法］以pH值7.2的Na2HPO4-HCl缓冲溶液为体系, 用分光光度计在480 nm处测定马铃薯提取液的吸光度,以吸光度对时间的变化率（ΔA/Δt） 为反应速率，建立多巴溶液的转换动力学曲线，从而可计算出酪氨酸酶的活性。［结果］结果显示，在480 nm波长下, 以pH值7.2的Na2HPO4-HCl缓冲溶液为体系，对测定体系干扰小, 所测数据波动小,酪氨酸酶的活性稳定性高，为进一步确定和研究影响酪氨酸酶活性的因素提供了理论依据。［结论］ 试验以缓冲溶液为底物研究和测定酪氨酸酶的催化活性，准确度高，效果佳。     

有机肥对土壤脲酶活性特征的影响

采用氮流动连续分析仪对长期定闰试验地土壤脲酶活性进行了分析。结果表明，脲酶总量、动力学参数和热力学参数均证明，施有机肥对土壤脲酶活性特征的影响远大于单施化肥和不施肥土壤，在各处理中脲酶的Ｖｍａｘ、Ｖｍａｘ／Ｋｍ，ｋ，Ｆ０值均最大，Ｅａ，ΔＨ和ΔＧ则最小。     

腐殖酸对矿物结合汞活性的影响研究──Ⅱ.腐殖酸对矿物结合汞挥发活性影响的动态特征

汞的挥发动力学表明：腐殖酸对矿物结合汞活性兼具抑制与活化的双重效应,突出表现为矿物结合汞的挥发具有先期抑制与后期活化最后趋于稳定的动态影响特征,其效应具有长期性渐变特点。不同腐殖酸针对不同矿物类型结合汞,其作用速率与强度不同。