基于线粒体COI基因的马科鱼类DNA条形码研究

为明确中国马鲅科(Polynemidae)鱼类的分类地位,测定了中国7省10个地点马鲅科鱼类3属5种33条COI基因5′端序列,结合GenBank下载的5属16种41条同源序列,共分析了6属20种马鲅科鱼类DNA条形码。结果显示,20种鱼类种间平均遗传距离为19.6%,是种内平均遗传距离0.9%的22倍;其中14种形成了单系分支,支持其物种有效性。四指马鲅(Eleutheronema tetradactylum)和多鳞四指马鲅(E.rhadinum)种间遗传距离(16.0%)是种内平均遗传距离(1.2%)的13倍,支持将二者作为2个独立物种的分类处理。多鳞四指马鲅种内遗传距离(2.3%)大于2%,形成了2个自展数据支持率为99%的分支,分支间遗传距离(4.8%)是分支内平均遗传距离(0.1%)的48倍,表明在中国沿海分布的多鳞四指马鲅有可能存在2个亚种或隐藏种。黑斑多指马鲅(Polydactylus sextarius)与马达加斯加多指马鲅(P.malagasyensis)外部形态极为相似,种间遗传距离仅为1.0%,且在分子系统树上镶嵌混杂为一支,仅根据分子数据结果,推测二者可能为同一物种;但由于没有可检视的标本,也不能排除GenBank序列种名注释中形态鉴定出错的可能。马伦氏多指马鲅(P.mullani)与七丝指马鲅(Filimanus heptadactylus)也混为1支,分支内遗传距离仅为0.1%;如果不是GenBank序列种名注释出错,则二者应为同一物种。GenBank序列中来源于北部湾的六丝多指马鲅(P.sexfilis),则可能是黑斑多指马鲅的错误鉴定。     

基于DNA条形码的红翅大小蠹和黄杉大小蠹分子鉴定

外来有害生物的快速准确鉴定有助于提高口岸检疫效率。红翅大小蠹(Dendroctonus rufipennis)和黄杉大小蠹(D. pseudotsugae)作为大小蠹属的非中国种是我国口岸原木检疫中频繁截获的检疫性有害昆虫。本研究以mtDNA COI基因5′端和3′端序列为标记对红翅大小蠹与黄杉大小蠹的11个样本开展分子鉴定有效性评价。结果显示,当以COI基因5′端和3′端为靶标时,两种大小蠹间的平均遗传距离分别为0.181和0.144,是种内遗传距离的60.3和48倍,且种内、种间遗传距离间无重叠现象,在系统发育树上都能聚为独立的分支,表明mtDNA COI基因5′端和3′端序列均可有效区分红翅大小蠹与黄杉大小蠹。     

基于DNA条形码技术的泰国番石榴中实蝇幼虫分子鉴定研究

实蝇是世界重要的检疫性害虫之一,对果蔬生产及其国际贸易具有很大的影响。而以线粒体DNA细胞色素C氧化酶亚单位I(mtDNACOI)基因的部分序列作为实蝇的DNA条形码能减少对实蝇成虫形态特征的依赖,可检测其任何虫态的样品,有助于实蝇样品的快速鉴定。本研究采用DNA条形码技术,针对采自泰国四色菊市番石榴烂果中的5头实蝇幼虫进行COI扩增测序,与生命条形码数据库(BOLD)中的序列进行比对并利用PAUP4.0软件构建了其系统进化树。根据序列分析和系统进化关系分析的结果,将5头实蝇幼虫样品鉴定为番石榴实蝇(Bactrocera correctaBezzi),并将本研究获得的2条COI序列在GenBank中注册,GenBank的登录号为HM590450和HM590451。     

珍稀绢丝昆虫柳蚕的DNA条形编码与系统进化初步分析

利用DNA测序技术获得柳蚕(Actias selene)线粒体细胞色素酶C亚基Ⅰ基因(COI)5′端574 bp的片段,作为用于柳蚕种质资源分子鉴定的DNA条形编码(GenBank:FJ358505)。测定的柳蚕COI基因序列与其它大蚕蛾科绢丝昆虫的COI序列一样,均表现出偏好于碱基T的倾向(AT skew=-0.179)。在所分析的蚕类昆虫中,柳蚕与合目大蚕蛾的遗传距离最小(0.120),而与蓖麻蚕之间的遗传距离最大(0.138)。构建的NJ和UPGMA分子树中,大蚕蛾科的柳蚕属、柞蚕属、蓖麻蚕属、大乌桕蚕属、栗蚕属均各自形成一个支系,并且明显形成两个分支:大蚕蛾族(saturni-ini),包括柳蚕、柞蚕和栗蚕;眉纹大蚕蛾族(attacini),包括蓖麻蚕和大乌桕蚕。这一结果与传统分类一致。     

High levels of genetic differentiation between Wolbachia-infected and non-infected populations of Folsomia candida (Collembola, Isotomidae)

The Gram-negative -Proteobacterium Wolbachia pipientis has been described as an obligate endosymbiont in many arthropod species, where it induces a variety of reproductive alterations, including parthenogenesis. Recently, this microorganism has also been detected in the parthenogenetic collembolan Folsomia candida. Here, we confirm the occurrence of the endosymbiont also in two Italian parthenogenetic populations of F. candida using ultrastructural (electron microscopy) and molecular (PCR screening on two bacterial genes) evidence. The strain isolated in the Italian populations has almost-identical gene sequences compared to that previously isolated in other populations of F. candida. In addition, we discovered a population of Folsomia cf. candida, which showed the presence of both males and females. This population is not infected by Wolbachia. A screening of two mitochondrial genes (COI and COII) showed that the bisexual population has high levels of genetic divergence in comparison with the parthenogenetic ones, even suggesting the possibility that it belongs to a different species. Furthermore, the remarkably high levels of genetic divergence between the two parthenogenetic populations suggests a possible influence of Wolbachia on inducing such differentiation, and, in the long term, speciation.     

The Anatomy and Venom-Emitting Mechanism of the Globiferous Pedicellariae of the Urchin Parechinus Angulosus (Leske) With Notes on Their Behaviour

The freshwater snails belonging to the genus Melanoides Olivier, 1804 are widespread across tropical regions of the world and endemic species have evolved in the African Lakes Malawi, Mweru and Tanganyika. The endemic Melanoides species of Lake Malawi have been investigated several times during the last century, due to their large conchological variation, but no unambiguous answer regarding the number of species has been given. The phylogenetic relationship between morphs or genetic clones of Melanoides in Lake Malawi was inferred by phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequence data from the mitochondrial genes 16S and COI. Additional sequences from GenBank were included to investigate the relationship to other morphs from different parts of the world. For the first time, a putative secondary structure was developed for a partial region of 16S in this genus to identify the variability of the secondary structure in stems and loops. The molecular analyses indicated that several genetic clones exist in Lake Malawi and that M. tuberculata is a paraphyletic taxon. It is not clear from the results whether invasions or dispersals account for the complex situation in Lake Malawi. The basal position of M. admirabilis, endemic to Lake Tanganyika, in the inferred phylogeny indicates that Africa might be the origin of the genus. The results further indicate that three major clades of Melanoides, consisting of several genetic clones, are present in Lake Malawi; one clade consisting of invasive M. tuberculata, another of native M. tuberculata and a third consisting of the M. polymorpha- complex. It appears as if the unique development of morphs within the Melanoides genus in Lake Malawi has evolved primarily by divergence of genetic clones instead of species differentiation.     

基于线粒体COI基因序列的亚东鲑DNA条形码研究

以亚东鲑为研究对象,测定分析了线粒体COI基因638bp碱基序列,探讨了该基因作为DNA条形码在鲑科三种鱼类(亚东鲑、大西洋鲑和红点鲑)鉴定方面的可行性和有效性。亚东鲑33个个体共享1种单倍型。利用Kimura-2模型分析得到亚东鲑与大西洋鲑遗传距离最小,为0.079;大西洋鲑与红点鲑遗传距离最大,为0.141;亚东鲑与红点鲑遗传距离为0.120。基于COI基因片段序列构建的NJ显示,亚东鲑和大西洋鲑首先聚到一起,然后再与红点鲑相聚。结果表明COI基因片段作为三种鱼类DNA条形码进行分类鉴定具有一定可行性。     

额尔齐斯河银鲫形态学及COI基因序列分析

采用传统形态学方法和线粒体COI基因序列分析对额尔齐斯河银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)两个群体的形态和遗传差异进行了比较。结果显示:通过对8个可量性状和20个框架数据的主成分分析可以看出,两个群体分别占据两个不相重叠的区域,两个群体在形态上存在明显分化。COI基因序列分析显示,两群体之间遗传距离为0.012,群体间遗传距离是群体内最大遗传距离的4倍,两群体间在编码的氨基酸序列上出现了一处替换,群体遗分化指数值为0.96078,基因流值为0.01,表明群体间缺乏基因交流,群体间有明显的遗传分化。     

长江水系中华绒螯蟹线粒体DNA的遗传多样性研究

本文对长江水系南京和江都地区中华绒螯蟹共61个个体的线粒体COI基因进行了限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)分析。应用PCR技术扩增了中华绒螯蟹线粒体COI基因,选用8种能识别4碱基的限制性内切酶对该基因片段进行RFLP分析。在两个群体中共检测出8种复合单倍型,其中复合单倍型AAAAAAAA和BBBBBAAB为两个群体所共有,它的个体数所占的百分比在两个群体(南京和江都)中分别为87.9%、12.1%和50.0%、25.0%。在南京群体中,复合单倍型间的遗传距离为0.077,而在江都群体中,复合单倍型间的遗传距离为0.004～0.077；南京和江都群体的线粒体COI基因多态度(或称核苷酸多样性指数)π值分别为0.008和0.019。结果说明长江水系中华绒螯蟹具有一定的群体内遗传多样性。     

基于线粒体COI基因的17种菱蜡蝉亚科昆虫DNA条形码研究（半翅目：蜡蝉总科：菱蜡蝉科）

通过对菱蜡蝉科Cixiidae菱蜡蝉亚科Cixiinae 9属17种昆虫的mt DNA COI基因序列进行研究,探讨DNA条形码在菱蜡蝉亚科昆虫中快速识别和准确鉴定的可行性.采用MEGA 5对序列进行比对和遗传距离分析,基于COI基因序列构建ML、MP、NJ、ME系统发育树.结果显示：属间平均遗传距离为0.133,介于0.102 ～0.147之间;属内种间平均遗传距离为0.047,介于0.025～ 0.079之间;地理种群间平均遗传距离为0.039;介于0.024～0.064之间.系统发育树显示：同属物种聚为一小支,分支置信度高达97％ ～ 100％;同一地理类群聚为一支,分支置信度高达98％ ～100％.结果表明应用基于COI基因片段的DNA条形码对菱蜡蝉亚科昆虫分类鉴定是可行的.