精准扶贫的逻辑形成基础与研究维度述评

党的十八大以来，学术界围绕精准扶贫理论与实践的研究，成果丰硕。精准扶贫理论来源和其形成背景，构成了精准扶贫的逻辑形成基础。梳理关于精准扶贫的相关研究，可以归纳出精准扶贫的概念界定和内涵特征、实践模式和路径、精准扶贫实施过程中的问题等研究维度。考察学术界现有研究发现，研究中缺乏互动式辩论，实证性研究较少等，针对这些问题进行深化研究有助于在我国扶贫工作的冲刺期构建更有针对性的扶贫机制。     

国内乡村生态旅游研究综述

乡村生态旅游作为推动乡村经济发展的新形式已经成为乡村发展研究的新热点。以近 20年内发表于SCI、CSSCI和核心期刊的 225篇文献为研究对象发现，国内乡村生态旅游相关研究划分为基础性研究和宏观性研究两大类。分别对其相关概念、理论基础、影响因素和发展模式做出基础性阐释，对其开发管理、可持续发展、利益相关者和相关评价体系进行理论性研究发现，现阶段的研究在研究领域、研究范围、研究方法方面得到发展，但在研究内容和案例选址方面仍存在缺陷，需平衡各个研究领域，不断完善相关研究，精细挑选案例地址，推动中国乡村生态旅游研究。     

An assessment of subsoil organic carbon stocks in England and Wales

It is estimated that half the soil carbon globally is in the subsoil, but data are scarce. We updated estimates of subsoil organic carbon (OC) in England and Wales made by Bradley et al. (2005) using soil and land‐use databases and compared the results with other published data. We estimated that the soils of England and Wales contained 1633, 1143 and 506 Tg of OC at 0–30, 30–100 and 100–150 cm depths, respectively. Thus, half of the soil OC was found below 30 cm depth. Peat soils accounted for the largest proportion, containing 44% of all the OC below 30 cm despite their small areal extent, followed by brown soils, surface‐water gley soils, ground‐water gley soils and podzolic soils. Peat soils had more than 25% of their profile OC per unit area in the 100–150 cm depth, whereas most other soils had <8% at this depth. The differences between soil types were consistent with differences in soil formation processes. Differences in depth distributions between land uses were small, but subsoil OC stocks in cultivated soils were generally smaller than in soils under grassland or other land uses. Data on subsoil OC stocks in the literature were scarce, but what there was broadly agreed with the findings of the above database exercise. There was little evidence by which to assess how subsoil OC stocks were changing over time.     

基于文献分析的中国当代竹刻研究评述

通过检索相关文献,分析了1959以来中国有关竹刻的研究现状。结果表明,中国的竹刻研究呈现明显的阶段性、地域性,在研究涉及的领域和具体内容上存在着局限性。在文献分析的基础上,提出了今后竹刻研究的重点方向,即通过与心理学、传播学、教育学、社会学等学科结合,多层面、多方向、多角度展示中国竹刻工艺。     

我国林业小型动力机械发展回顾与现状

林业小型动力机械是生产批量最大的林业机械产品,在林业生产中发挥着重要作用。介绍了林业小型动力机械所包含的产品类型、相关的协会和学会等组织机构及其在国内发展的历史和生产现状;指出了我国产品质量与先进国家之间的差距,以及科研和人才培养等方面存在的不足。     

Fusarium solani Upregulated Sesquiterpene Synthase Expression,Sesquiterpene Production and Allelopathic Activity in Piper betle L.

Activators of sesquiterpene synthase (STS) gene expression and sesquiterpene production in Piper betle L. were examined using quantitative real time PCR and gas chromatography mass spectrometry methods, and the allelopathic activity of untreated and Fusarium solani-treated betel extracts was tested on seed germination and on the shoot and root growth of Thai rice variety PSL2 (Oryza sativa cv. Phitsanulok 2) and three dominant paddy weeds (Eclipta prostrata, Echinochloa crus-galli and Chloris barbata). The results demonstrated that F. solani dramatically upregulated STS expression and productions of β-cubebene, β-caryophyllene and germacrene D sesquiterpene when compared with the untreated control, and that betel extracts had a greater inhibitory effect on weeds than on rice. The effects were more clearly detected on seed germination and root growth than on shoot growth, and they were found to be dose-dependent. It is also noted that F. solani-treated extract had stronger effects than the untreated extract. The species most sensitive to the allelopathic effects was C. barbata, germination of which was completely inhibited even at a dose of 0.1 mg/mL untreated extract. With regards to rice, although betel extract at 1.0 mg/mL showed no inhibition on germination, it affected the elongation of rice roots, in addition to those of the tested weeds. The obtained data suggested that F. solani has potential as an activator of sesquiterpene allelochemical production via STS expression, the latter leading to the treated betel extract having a stronger phytotoxic effect. These results were beneficial in the promotion of natural herbicide production using biotechnology.     

Developmental temperature affects phenotypic means and variability: A meta‐analysis of fish data

Fishes are sensitive to their thermal environment and face an uncertain future in a warming world. Theoretically, populations in novel environments might express greater levels of phenotypic variability to increase the chance of surviving—and eventually thriving—in the new conditions. Most research on the effect of the early thermal environment in fish species focuses on average phenotypic effects rather than phenotypic variability, but to understand how fishes will respond to rising temperatures we need to consider both the average response of the population, as well as the breadth of individual responses. Here we present the first meta‐analysis on the effects of developmental temperature in fishes. Using data from 43 species and over 6,000 individual fish, we show that a change in developmental temperature induces a significant change in phenotypic means and variability, but differently depending on whether the temperature is increased or decreased. Decreases in temperature (cool environments) showed a significant decrease in phenotypic means and no change in phenotypic variability. Increases in temperature (warm environments) showed a non‐significant increase in phenotypic means and a marginally significant increase in phenotypic variability. Larger increases in temperature saw greater increases in phenotypic variability, but no increase in the mean phenotypic response. Together, our results suggest that fishes exhibit both directed and stochastic developmental plasticity in response to warming temperatures, which could facilitate or accelerate adaptation to a changing environment.     

林业产业集群研究综述

摘要：分别从产业集群理论、林业产业以及林业产业集群三个方面，对国内外学者的相关研究进行了归纳综述。分析研究发现，目前从产业集群理论的视角分析林业产业问题的相关研究还比较匮乏。     

茶多酚高通量检测技术研究进展

茶多酚是茶叶的主要活性成分,具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗衰老、降血糖、防辐射等多种生物学活性。然而,茶多酚的不稳定性极大限制其进一步开发应用。茶多酚易受光线、温度、pH等因素影响而发生氧化、聚合和缩合,从而使其活性改变。因此,茶多酚组分的高通量快速检测在生物学及临床上具有重要意义。高效液相色谱法、毛细管电泳法、近红外光谱法、核磁共振等均是茶多酚组分高通量检测的主要方法,但这些方法各有优劣。对茶多酚高通量快速检测技术及其相关应用进行了归纳和总结,并对其优势及存在的问题进行分析,以期为茶多酚组分的高通量检测提供参考。     

我国农药登记管理发展史(Ⅱ)——6～8届全国农药登记评审会要点回顾

纵观历届全国农药登记评审会要点,可从侧面看到开创我国农药登记乃至农药管理工作的发展过程,记载了政策和措施的变迁。如今我国已建立并在逐渐完善登记管理制度,中国农药正走向世界,朝着具有中国特色的农药管理体系迈进。