优化预处理及脱毒工艺以制备玉米芯半纤维素水解液

为了降低玉米芯半纤维素水解液中的乙酸、糠醛和酚类等有毒物质含量,使可利用糖类含量增加。本研究以玉米芯为原料制备水解液,对预处理及脱毒工艺进行优化,并利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测优化效果。结果表明,10~20目的玉米芯在10%氨水浸泡24 h后,可将乙酸和酚类物质的脱除率,分别提高至93.4%和32.3%,而糠醛的含量也大大降低。经过真空浓缩、CaO脱毒以及2%活性炭吸附后,使有毒物质含量再次降低,此时的水解液可完全用于菌株的发酵试验,达到了去除的目的。本文所得到的最佳水解液处理步骤,其结果符合菌株发酵用标准,说明水解液处理方式的不同,直接影响着水解液的制备。这为研究和利用木质纤维素等可再生资源提供了思路,也为发酵生产奠定了理论基础。     

饲料中无机元素分析方法研究进展

饲料中所含的无机元素对动物生长具有重要意义。在饲料中过量添加无机元素会导致环境污染问题,也会通过食物链最终危害消费者的身体健康,因此,对饲料产品中的无机元素进行检测和动态监控尤为重要。综述了近年来饲料中无机元素含量检测主要应用的前处理方法及其含量检测技术,分析了不同前处理方法和含量检测技术的优点和不足,以期为饲料中无机元素分析方法的科学、合理应用提供参考。     

Air-drying changes the distribution of Hedley phosphorus pools in forest soils

Hedley labile phosphorus(P)pools in soil tend to be several times larger than annual forest requirements,even in highly weathered soils characterized by P limitation.The discrepancy between plant and soil P status could be partly attributable to the frequently adopted air-drying pretreatment that tends to increase soil P solubility.In this study,the effects of air-drying on the distribution of Hedley P fractions were examined using soils collected under 4 forest types at Gongga Mountain,southwestern China.The results showed that the microbial biomass P(Pmic)in the organic horizon decreased markedly after air-drying.The concentrations of Hedley labile P in the air-dried samples were 31%–73%more than those in the field-moist samples.Consequently,the air-drying-induced increments of Hedley labile P pools in the surface soil horizons were 0.8–3.8 times the annual plant P requirements.The organic horizon was more susceptible to the air-drying-induced increases in Hedley labile P than the mineral horizon,probably because of the stronger release of Pmicand disruption of soil organic matter.The quality of P,indexed by the ratio of Hedley labile P to slowly cycling P,shifted in favor of the Hedley labile fractions after air-drying,further revealing that air-drying changed the distribution of Hedley P pools in forest soils.These indicated that the effects of air-drying could not be ignored when interpreting the discrepancy between the P status of plants and the Hedley labile P pools in forest soils.To more efficiently evaluate the P status in forest soils via the Hedley fractionation procedure,the use of field-moist soils is recommended.     

预处理及培养方法协同作用对新铁炮百合种子萌发的影响

【目的】 研究不同预处理方式下培养方法协同作用对新铁炮百合种子萌发的影响。【方法】 以新铁炮百合雷山1号种子为材料,采用三因素四水平正交试验设计,研究不同水平的预处理方式、培养温度、培养方式对新铁炮百合雷山1号种子萌发的影响,以及不同温度下种子萌发过程中可溶性糖和过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的动态变化规律。【结果】 培养温度是影响新铁炮百合雷山1号种子萌发的主要因素,其次是预处理方式和培养方式。雷山1号种子的最佳预处理方式是4℃浸种7 d,最佳培养温度是21℃,最佳培养方式是土壤播种,发芽率为99.18%,播种后第9 d发芽指数为4.65。不同温度处理下,种子萌发过程中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性表现出先增加后下降的趋势,可溶性糖含量则呈现出先下降再上升的趋势,其中21℃处理下种子的抗逆性和贮藏物质的转化利用要高于15、18和25℃处理下的种子,21℃为适宜温度。【结论】 雷山1号种子的最佳处理方式为4℃浸种7 d于21℃下土壤播种。     

板栗中毒死蜱农药残留检测结果满意度的研究

本文就如何保证农产品农药残留能力验证实验结果满意需要注意几个关键点进行探讨分析。要想通过板栗中毒死蜱农残的能力验证,样品前处理采用NY/T 761的方法,必须注意：提取液的过滤要用定性滤纸或脱脂棉,提取液过滤后静置时间控制在30 min～40 min之间,吸取10 mL乙腈液体要准确,净化步骤的水浴温度要严格按照方法要求,氮吹切记不要吹的太干,吹到潮乎乎为宜,SPE小柱的活化平衡要充分,上样时液面不能流干,上样后尽可能流干再洗脱,最后定容5.00 mL要准确。检测结束后,对结果进行验证很重要,可采用盲样的空白基质基质配标和空白基质基质加标画标准曲线两种办法。     

Storage of non-dormant seeds of Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl

The effects of drying and storage on the quality of Fraxinus angustifolia non-dormant seeds have been investigated. Mature seeds subjected to a 2-week warm stratification (20 °C) followed by a 2-week cold stratification (3 °C), were exposed to a gentle air stream at room temperature to dry them to 9.5% moisture content. After 4, 8 and 12 months of storage at –3 °C, in hermetically sealed containers, germination tests were conducted in darkness at 30/20 °C and 25/5 °C to evaluate possible changes in seed quality. The results obtained suggest the feasibility of drying non-dormant seeds. In fact, though causing a slight decrease in seed quality, such a process enables storage of ready to sow seeds for at least 12 months without any further loss. The temperature regime of 30/20 °C, prescribed by the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA), was found to be suboptimal for the particular conditions tested in this trial, the 25/5 °C cycle being more stimulating for germination.     

提高刨花板尺寸稳定性的研究——刨花预处理和刨花板的后期热处理

以速生意大利杨为材料,对刨花进行预处理后制成脲醛胶刨花板,用未处理刨花制成酚醛胶刨花扳,并进行后期热处理,分别测试它们的尺寸稳定性,结果表明,两种方法都能较为有效地提高刨花板的尺寸稳定性,具可行性,通过合理选择适宜的预处理和后期处理的时间,可以使刨花板的性能达到预期要求。     

Effect of seed coverings and seed pretreatments on the germination response of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Alnus glutinosa</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Betula pubescens</Emphasis> seeds

The germination of common alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) and downey birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) seeds is often poor in bare-root nurseries. The effect of a variety of seed coverings and a few seed pretreatments on seedling emergence was examined in this study in an attempt to address this problem. Seeds of each species were sown in trays containing nursery soil, covered with grit, gravel, sand, combinations of these coverings, a hydromulch or a sealed plastic cloche and then incubated for 6 weeks at 17–20°C. The grit combined with sand or gravel, the hydromulch and the cloche increased seedling emergence when compared with the standard grit. In another experiment, seeds of each species were fully imbibed (FI) (>50% moisture content, MC), as per standard practice, or adjusted to target MC (TMC) (30–35% MC) levels, and then chilled to release dormancy. Some seeds of each MC treatment were primed at 20°C for 2 days following chilling, after which all seeds were evaluated in laboratory tests and a nursery trial. Germination potential of the FI seeds declined in the lab tests by the second test date, which was reflected in low seedling emergence in the nursery in birch. The primed FI seeds of alder germinated most rapidly in the nursery, but other effects were not significant. Seedling emergence was better in the nursery in response to the TMC than the FI pretreatment in birch.

杨木前处理对活性染料渗透性的影响

染液在木材中的移动和渗透是木材深度染色的关键.分别采用热水浸提、烧碱、过氧化氢等试剂对染色前的杨木进行染色前处理.实验结果表明:三种方法都可以不同程度提高杨木的染色深度,其中烧碱对提高染液渗透深度影响最大.较优前处理工艺条件为:烧碱用量8 g/L,碱液温度90~95℃,前处理时间2 h.与未进行前处理的试件对照,染料纵向渗透深度提高48.0%,横向渗透深度提高43.7%.     

茶叶中7种有机氯和拟除虫菊酯类农药残留检测技术研究

本文对茶叶中7种有机氯类和拟除虫菊酯类农药残留检测的前处理技术进行了研究,对比了2种不同的提取溶剂对农药回收率、净化效果的影响,建立了丙酮∶正己烷(1∶1,V/V)提取,Florisil固相萃取小柱净化的方法。本方法回收率在82.3～109.8%之间,变异系数3.3～10.22%,最低检出浓度为0.001mg/kg。该种残留分析前处理方法具有操作简便、成本低、回收率高、精密度好的特点。