长江下游不同生态区双季优质晚稻生长特性和温光利用差异

【目的】研究在机插条件下长江下游不同生态区各类型优质晚稻产量、生长特性和温光利用的差异,为选择适宜在该地区作为双季种植的优质晚稻品种提供参考依据。【方法】以2016年和2017年筛选适合长江下游机插的双季优质晚稻为材料(常规籼稻、杂交籼稻、常规粳稻和常优杂粳共20个品种),比较在机插条件下浙江富阳(30.05°N, 119.95°E,海拔17.9 m)与安徽庐江(31.15ºN, 117.16ºE,海拔14 m)两个生态区在产量、生育期、干物质积累以及温光利用方面的差异。【结果】各类型晚稻产量高纬度试点均高于低纬度试验点。与浙江富阳点相比,安徽庐江点种植的常规籼稻、杂交籼稻、常规粳稻、常优杂粳稻产量分别高11.1%、12.9%、6.6%和12.4%。同一试点种植时,常优杂粳产量最高,常规籼稻最低。高纬度点种植时,生育期延长,干物质积累量增加。高纬度点生育期延长杂交籼稻最长(10.4 d),干物质积累量高纬度点增幅常规粳稻最大(齐穗期和成熟期分别增加11.93%和9.44%)。同一试点种植时,干物质积累量杂交稻大于常规稻。籼稻灌浆期和全生育期累积的有效积温两个纬度点差异不明显,但日照时数和太阳辐射及其利用率均是高纬度点显著高;粳稻灌浆期和全生育期累积的有效积温高纬度点明显较低,累积日照时数高纬度点变化不明显,而累积太阳辐射则显著增加;温光资源利用率的变化趋势与此一致;同一试点种植时,生育期、干物质积累量以及温光资源利用率均是粳稻大于籼稻。【结论】晚籼稻在安徽庐江点种植时能充分利用温光资源从而提高产量,晚粳稻对温光资源利用率差异不明显,安徽庐江点产量增加的原因是生育期延长和干物质增加。     

山西省农田啮齿动物多样性研究

为了掌握山西省不同地区农田啮齿动物的多样性,探索其与环境因子的关系,本文采用笼捕法和夹捕法相结合的方法,对山西省11个市的17个县(市、区)的啮齿动物进行了研究。结果表明,临汾市隰县农田的啮齿动物捕获率(C)最高,达到14.77%,该地的啮齿动物多样性指数(H′)也最高,为1.811 1;朔州市朔城区的多样性指数最低,为0.600 1。每个变量的相关性分析结果表明,研究区纬度与农田啮齿动物的捕获率、物种丰富度指数(R)、多样性指数和均匀度指数(J′)均呈极显著负相关关系,而与优势度指数(D)呈极显著正相关,说明纬度可能是影响啮齿动物多样性的一个重要因子。     

我国南方湿地松木材物理力学性质变异初探

我国南方五省区湿地松木材的密度、晚材率和各项力学强度,随纬度的增加,呈递减状态。纬度与气干容重之间的直线回归方程为:G=1.28—0.027L,相关系数r=0.984.产生此现象的主要原因是,木材的管胞宽度和厚度随着纬度的增加逐渐变窄、变薄。产地的年平均气温和年降水量对湿地松树木的年轮宽度和晚材带宽度影响较大;年轮和晚材带的平均宽度随产地自北向南依次增加,随着山地海拔的升高而减小。     

The global adaptation of bread wheat at high latitudes

Spring sown bread wheat is grown at high latitudes in Europe, Asia and North America. However, it is not clear what the associations are among environments, particularly in Asia and North America, and whether or not cultivars developed in one region may adapt in another. A yield trial comprised of cultivars developed in northern Kazakhstan, western Siberia, the Canadian Prairies, northern USA, northeastern China and broadly adapted genotypes bred by CIMMYT in Mexico was planted in all the above mentioned environments in 2002–2004. In general, cultivars performed best within the regions they were developed. However, cultivars developed in northern Kazakhstan/western Siberia were the most broadly adapted at high latitudes; they were not significantly different for grain yield from the locally developed cultivars in both China and Canada. Stronger photoperiod response, greater plant height and larger seed weight appeared to be key adaptive features of these materials. At lower latitudes, the Kazakh/Siberian cultivars were significantly lower yielding than all other materials. When low latitude Mexican sites were removed from the analysis, the Chinese locations tended to associate, whereas most Canadian and Kazak/Siberian locations were negatively associated with those from China. SSR analysis of the cultivars from each region split the materials into two general groups, one based on North American cultivars and one comprised of Kazakh/Siberian and Chinese cultivars. Lines developed in Mexico were spread across these two groupings. Evidence suggests that considerable scope exists to improve bread wheat adaptation at high latitudes globally through intercrossing materials originating from Asia and North America.     

低纬高原甘蔗中后期灾害性真菌病害发生为害调查分析

为了明确甘蔗中后期灾害性真菌病害种类及灾害特性,对云南蔗区中后期灾害性真菌病害发生分布和品种抗性进行调查鉴定,在成熟期称量和测定甘蔗产量、糖分及损失率。结果表明,云南蔗区中后期灾害性真菌病害有梢腐病、褐条病、锈病3种,梢腐病菌为Fusarium verticillioides和Fusarium proliferatum,褐条病菌为Bipolaris setariae,锈病菌为Puccinia kuehnii和Puccinia melanocephala;‘桂糖11-1076’、‘闽糖12-1404’、‘福农09-2201’、‘福农09-71111’、‘桂糖06-1492’、‘桂糖08-1180’、‘云蔗11-1074’、‘桂糖06-2081’、‘桂糖08-1589’、‘粤甘48号’、‘柳城09-15’、‘云蔗05-51’、‘云蔗11-1204’、‘福农07-3206’等新品种高度抗病。梢腐病、褐条病和锈病实测产量损失率平均为38.43%、25.6%、24.9%,甘蔗糖分平均降低3.54%、2.82%、3.11%。本研究明确了低纬高原甘蔗中后期灾害性真菌病害种类及灾害特性,为防控提供了科学依据。     

Duration of vegetative and generative development phases in oat cultivars released since 1921

Genetic yield improvements in oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivars grown at high latitudes have resulted from marked changes in harvest index and yield components. This study was designed to investigate whether such changes have entailed alterations in duration of different developmental phases: vegetative, generative and grain filling phases and pre-anthesis generative sub-phases such as pre-fertile, pre-abortion, fertile pre-abortion, fertile and abortion sub-phases. We tested 14 oat cultivars released between 1921 and 1988 and 6 breeding lines. Ten randomly sampled plants of each oat entry were collected every 3–4 d (18 times) from seedling emergence until pollination, and apical developmental stages were determined on the most advanced spikelet. Cumulated degree-days (Cdd) for each critical developmental stage and component phases were determined (5 °C as a base temperature). At each measurement the number of leaves, green leaves and tillers on main shoot, apex length (mm) and height to the uppermost node, and stipule (cm) were recorded. Phyllochron (°C d leaf⁻¹) and relative elongation rates (RER) for height characterising traits were calculated. Grain filling was the only period altered by breeding, while no consistent effects on duration of vegetative and generative pre-anthesis phases and sub-phases were detected. Different developmental phases were interrelated: in some cases cultivars with similar duration of pre-anthesis phase, however, differed in duration of some pre-anthesis sub-phases. Their duration was not, however, consistently associated with measured growth and yield parameters. Likely long days that make the northern growing conditions exceptional and unique, substantially narrowed the differences among oat entries in duration of different developmental phases, thereby making their role also less critical in yield determination contrary to the situation in the main global temperate cereal production regions.     

云南纤维亚麻栽培技术

亚麻栽培已打破了长期的地区分布界线,种植区域不断南移,1993年在21°8'N-29°15'N的云南低纬高原试种成功。经过10年发展,表现出良好的生态适应性,并获得较好的生物产量和纤维品质,已成为云南农业结构调整和产业化经营的一个亮点。本文总结了云南低纬高原特色气候下的亚麻栽培技术。     

高纬度地区地耦合式热泵机组冬季启动工况性能研究

针对我国高纬度地区冬季气候的特点,以哈尔滨市为例,研究了地耦合式热泵机组启动工况性能。结果表明:地耦合式热泵机组启动期间节能和环保性能效果明显,完全适合在我国高纬度寒冷地区进行推广。     

不同采集地割手密种质资源的耐寒性评价

本研究对不同采集地割手密无性系进行耐寒性综合评价,探究割手密耐寒性与其生长地海拔、纬度的关系,筛选耐寒性种质资源。以40份割手密无性系为试验材料,在苗期低温胁迫后测定各无性系材料的7项生理指标,利用相关性分析、聚类分析和模糊隶属函数分析法对其耐寒性差异进行综合评价。低温胁迫处理后,割手密的脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)、电导率(PMP)、可溶性蛋含量(SP)均呈上升趋势,其中脯氨酸含量上升最大,升高了43.81%,而叶绿素(Chl)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)均呈下降趋势,其中叶绿素含量减少35.01%,下降程度最大;叶绿素、脯氨酸、超氧化物歧化酶的变异系数较对照有不同程度的增加,其中增长最大的是叶绿素,是对照的1.76倍;相关性分析显示,40份割手密无性系耐寒性与其生长地的海拔、纬度呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.867、0.686;模糊隶属函数和聚类分析将40份割手密无性系的耐寒性分为三类,其中高耐寒类型有10份材料,中耐寒性有19份,不耐寒性11份。研究结果表明,不同采集地割手密材料之间耐寒性指标存在明显差异;耐寒隶属函数与海拔、纬度呈极显著正相关,即高海拔和高纬度的割手密耐寒性强、低海拔和低纬度的割手密耐寒性弱,表明在相近海拔范围内决定耐寒性的主要因素是纬度,在相近纬度范围内决定耐寒性的主要因素是海拔。该结果为割手密种质资源在甘蔗耐寒育种中的进一步利用提供依据。     

低纬高原区不同生态条件下旱地小麦新品种(系)产量形成及其群体动态特征差异

为了解低纬高原区不同生态条件下旱地小麦产量及群体结构特点,2016-2018年以该区新育成的3个旱地小麦新品种(系)(易2011-1、弥136-7和云麦69)为材料,选取具有代表性的昆明、丽江、德宏3个生态区进行试验,比较分析了不同生态区之间旱地小麦产量及其构成、茎蘖数变化、叶面积动态、旗叶净光合速率、干物质积累等方面的差异。结果表明,三品种(系)产量均表现为丽江德宏昆明,丽江2年平均产量较昆明分别高30.85%、31.97%和31.33%,较德宏分别高12.31%、28.96%和9.39%。丽江的单位面积穗数与昆明差异不显著,但二者均显著高于德宏;千粒重和穗粒数均表现为德宏丽江昆明,德宏千粒重与昆明差异显著。拔节期至成熟期的群体总茎数在丽江和昆明间差异不显著,但二者均显著高于德宏。分蘖成穗率在三生态区之间差异不显著。孕穗期至灌浆期的叶面积指数表现为丽江昆明德宏。开花期至花后14 d丽江的旗叶净光合速率低于德宏和昆明,花后21～28 d光合速率则表现为丽江德宏昆明;拔节期群体干物重在生态区间差异较小,孕穗期至成熟期丽江干物质积累较快,干物重显著高于德宏,德宏高于昆明。本试验条件下,丽江的小麦产量最高,群体结构最优。