中华绒螯蟹与合浦绒螯蟹线粒体细胞色素b基因片段的DGGE分析

[目的]探讨利用DGGE技术对中华绒螯蟹和合浦绒螯蟹遗传多样性进行分析的可能性。[方法]对中华绒螯蟹5个群体和合浦绒螯蟹1个群体共180个个体的线粒体细胞色素b（cytb）基因片段进行了PCR扩增和变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）分析。[结果]所有PCR产物在DGGE电泳时共有2种迁移速率,合浦绒螯蟹所有个体的PCR产物的迁移速率相同,且中华绒螯蟹江都群体46.7%、仪征群体23.3%以及温州群体20.0%的个体与合浦绒螯蟹的迁移速率一致;而以上3个中华绒螯蟹群体的其他个体以及南京、盘锦群体所有个体的PCR产物在DGGE电泳时的迁移速率均相同,均快于合浦绒螯蟹,表明在中华绒螯蟹中混杂有合浦绒螯蟹的遗传标记类型。[结论]DGGE方法可用于绒螯蟹的遗传多样性分析。     

怒江濒危鱼类角鱼种群遗传结构研究

测定了怒江角鱼(Epalzeorhynchus bicornis)4个群体共70尾个体的线粒体DNA cytb基因序列,以探讨种群遗传结构和遗传多样性。结果显示:1140 bp的cytb基因共检测到13个变异位点,70个样本得到16个单倍型,平均单倍型多样性(h)为0.579,核苷酸多样性(π)为0.00070,遗传多样性表现为较低。木城群体和泸水群体之间的遗传距离最远0.00080,泸水群体和道街群体之间的遗传距离最近为0.00059。Fu′Fs中性检验和碱基岐点分布分析暗示了角鱼在历史上曾经历过遗传瓶颈和种群扩张。分子方差分析(AMOVA)表明,群体间总遗传分化系数Fst=0.0049(P>0.05),几乎所有变异均来自于群体内,群体间未出现遗传分化,提示群体内存在广泛的基因交流。     

Cytolytic Toxin and Related Genes in Bacillus thuringiensis

Bacillus thuringiensis is a ubiquitous gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium that forms parasporal crystal during the stationary phase of its growth cycle. These crystal proteins, including Cry and Cyt protein, are toxic to certain insects. Lately, some problems about Cyt classification, structural characteristic, action mechanism and resistance to Cyt toxin are becoming new hotspots. We review the progress of above problems in several foreign labs.     

中国3个牛种cyt b基因多态性及其系统发育研究

基于mtDNA cyt b基因全长序列,对中国黄牛、牦牛和水牛的遗传多态性和系统发育关系进行了分析。结果表明,中国黄牛、牦牛和水牛cyt b基因序列中碱基A和T的含量均比较高,A+T的平均含量分别为56.6%,58.2%和56.0%。黄牛在cyt b基因全长序列具有较丰富的核苷酸多样性(Pi=0.016 84),水牛的核苷酸多样性相对贫乏(Pi=0.003 51),牦牛的核苷酸多样性介于二者之间(Pi=0.012 28)。中国黄牛与牦牛和欧洲野牛之间的亲缘关系相对较近,而与水牛间的亲缘关系则相对较远,黄牛有普通牛和瘤牛2个母系起源;中国牦牛和斑腾牛以及羯牛的亲缘关系相对较近;中国水牛和沼泽型水牛具有较近的亲缘关系,也可能有2个或者2个以上的母系起源。     

中华绒螯蟹与合浦绒螯蟹线粒体细胞色素b基因片段的DGGE分析DGGE Analysis

[目的]探讨利用DGGE技术对中华绒螯蟹和合浦绒螯蟹遗传多样性进行分析的可能性。[方法]对中华绒螯蟹5个群体和合浦绒螯蟹1个群体共180个个体的线粒体细胞色素b（cytb）基因片段进行了PCR扩增和变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）分析。[结果]所有PCR产物在DGGE电泳时共有2种迁移速率,合浦绒螯蟹所有个体的PCR产物的迁移速率相同,且中华绒螯蟹江都群体46.7%、仪征群体23.3%以及温州群体20.0%的个体与合浦绒螯蟹的迁移速率一致;而以上3个中华绒螯蟹群体的其他个体以及南京、盘锦群体所有个体的PCR产物在DGGE电泳时的迁移速率均相同,均快于合浦绒螯蟹,表明在中华绒螯蟹中混杂有合浦绒螯蟹的遗传标记类型。[结论]DGGE方法可用于绒螯蟹的遗传多样性分析。     

一株对蚊子幼虫高效的Bt新菌株的特性研究

苏云金芽胞杆菌WFS-97菌株是从土壤中筛选出的对蚊子幼虫具有特异杀虫活性的新菌株,本研究通过对该菌株的形态特征、培养特性及杀虫基因型的研究,了解其作为杀蚊制剂的开发应用潜力.在光学显微镜下,观察该菌株产生球形伴胞晶体,SDS-PAGE检测显示主要表达27 kDa主要蛋白条带,此外,还有131、79、43和31 kDa...     

团头鲂“浦江1号” 选育后期世代群体同野生群体间遗传变异的ISSR分析

以团头鲂“浦江1号” 选育后期3个世代群体（F₇、F₈、F₉）为试验对象、其选育奠基群体（1985年淤泥湖野生群体）后代、淤泥湖野生群体（2007年）、梁子湖野生群体（2007年）为对照材料，通过ISSR标记技术分析，并通过部分样本的细胞色素b基因测序的补充验证，了解选育所产生的遗传变异及野生群体遗传结构现状。主要结果：（1）从100个ISSR引物中筛选出26个引物，扩增出清晰、可重复的条带共164条，多态性条带比例49.39%。细胞色素b基因在选育良种3个世代中只发现一种单倍型。（2）选育群体同选育奠基群体后代、野生群体间的遗传差异显著，如群体多态位点百分数，F₉（28.05%）比选育奠基群体后代（40.24%）减少了30.29%，比淤泥湖野生群体（41.46%）减少了32.34%。选育群体同淤泥湖野生群体间的遗传相似系数最小（0.935 0），距离最大（0.067 2），两两配对F_ST值最大（F_ST=0.305 72）；UPGMA法构建系统进化树表明，选育群体同野生群体处于两个大分支，而在野生群体大支中，选育奠基群体后代与淤泥湖原种野生群体间配对F_ST值最小（F_ST=0.050 45）。（3）选育群体F₇、F₈、F₉各世代间遗传分化虽弱（低G_ST 0.141 7值，高N_m 3.027 9值），但多态位点百分数、位点基因平均多样性、Nei氏基因多样性、群体内Shannon多样性指数等遗传参数仍然都呈现随选育世代数的累进而降低的趋势。（4）ISSR比细胞色素b基因更适合近缘种的相关关系研究。（5）经过二十多年9代的选育，相对于野生群体，团头鲂“浦江1号”良种已产生了明显的遗传分化，性状已相当稳定，但离选育极限尚有一定距离，今后应在继续监测其遗传结构变化的基础上，进一步挖掘选育潜力，同时要避免种质混杂、近交衰退及瓶颈效应等的发生。     

Molecular diagnostic for detecting the cytochrome b G143S - QoI resistance mutation in Cercospora beticola

The mutation G143S has been associated with high-level strobilurin resistance in laboratory mutant strains of Cercospora beticola, one of the most destructive pathogens in sugar beet plants. By using allele specific primers (PASA-PCR) and agarose gel visualization, a molecular diagnostic was developed for the detection of the G143S resistance mutation. This assay is simple and applicable in low tech laboratory settings, with high reliability when a relatively large proportion of mutated mitochondrial alleles are present in the resistant strains. To achieve detection of resistant alleles at low frequencies, a more sensitive Real Time PCR based assay capable of discriminating resistant (S143) genotypes in frequencies as low as 1:10,000 resistant:sensitive alleles was developed. Both diagnostics were successfully validated in laboratory strains. Subsequently, a large number of C. beticola isolates from QoI-treated sugar beet experimental fields in Greece were screened for resistance to Qo fungicides using these diagnostics and classic bioassays. No proportion of the 143S resistant allele was detected in all field isolates tested, which was in agreement with the phenotypes revealed by the biotests confirming that the efficacy of QoIs against C. beticola has been sustained in Greece 7 years after their introduction.     

Frequency of brown rot fungi on blossoms and fruit in stone fruit orchards in Greece

Brown rot is a devastating disease of stone fruits caused by Monilinia spp. This study was conducted to investigate the disease aetiology on blossoms and fruit in peach, apricot, sweet cherry and plum orchards, in Greece. In total, 1433 isolates obtained from orchards located in the main stone fruit production regions of Greece were identified to species based on the presence/size of a cyt b intron. Monilinia laxa and M. fructicola were detected at frequencies of 59 and 41%, respectively, while M. fructigena was absent. Monilinia fructicola was more common on fruit whereas M. laxa occurred in similar frequency on blossoms and fruit. Monilinia laxa was replaced by M. fructicola in fruit infections of peach in both regions investigated and in fruit infections of plum in the Imathia region. Assessments of aggressiveness of 30 isolates of both species on the petals and fruits of the hosts showed that M. fructicola isolates were more aggressive. This suggests that the predominance of M. laxa on the blossoms cannot be explained by higher aggressiveness. Measurements of the effect of temperature on mycelial growth showed that M. laxa isolates had a higher growth rate than M. fructicola at the lowest temperature tested of 5°C, whereas M. fructicola isolates showed higher growth rates at higher temperatures. The observed high frequency of M. fructicola in Greece represents a major threat for stone fruit production. Furthermore, the information obtained about delineation of species and plant organ preference could be useful for the implementation of disease management strategies.     

祁连山裸鲤和青海湖裸鲤mtDNA cyt b基因和D-loop区序列特征及遗传分化

对65尾祁连山裸鲤(Gymnocypris chilianensis)和40尾青海湖裸鲤(G.przewalskii)mt DNA cyt b基因(Cytochrome b,cyt b 1140 bp)和D-loop区(747 bp)基因片段进行了扩增和测定,探讨了上述基因片断的序列特征和两种裸鲤的遗传分化关系。结果显示,2个基因片段的G含量普遍较低,在编码基因cyt b各密码子的第三位上表现得尤为突出。线粒体DNA cyt b和D-loop基因片段均存在明显的遗传分化,核苷酸替代速率cyt bDloop。基于核苷酸最佳替换模型计算2种间的遗传距离,cyt b为0.08,D-loop为0.03。基于cyt b基因序列分析结果表明,两物种发生遗传分化的时间在距今约220万年的更新世初期,与青藏高原隆升时期相吻合。