基于能值分析京郊蔬菜不同生产经营方式的生态经济可持续性评价

利用能值理论和经济投入、产出分析方法,对北京郊区农户常规种植、企业常规种植和企业有机种植3种大棚蔬菜的生态经济可持续性进行研究。结果表明:在能值评价方面,企业有机种植模式能值年总投入为6.81×10~(16)sej/hm~2,低于农户常规种植模式(1.19×10~(17)sej/hm~2)和企业常规种植模式(8.53×10~(16)sej/hm~2);能值投资率为44.20,分别是农户常规种植和企业常规种植模式的2.41和3.81;环境负载率为2.14,低于农户常规种植模式(3.76)与企业常规种植模式(6.29);可持续发展指数为0.48,高于农户常规种植模式的0.28和企业常规种植模式的0.19。在经济方面,企业有机种植模式的利润(1.45×10~6元/hm~2)高于农户常规种植模式(3.34×10~5元/hm~2)和企业常规种植模式(负利润)。综合能值与经济2个方面,企业有机种植模式是京郊大棚蔬菜的3种模式中生态经济可持续性最优的模式。     

我国牧草种植成本收益变化与比较

本研究以牧草种植户牧草及粮食作物的调研数据为基础,计算出2010-2014年主要牧草和粮食作物的成本收益基本信息,对其变化进行统计分析,并对各作物的成本收益进行比较。分析发现,2014年苜蓿(Medicago sativa)的经济效益有所下降;黑麦草(Lolium perenne)和青贮玉米(Zea mays)的纯收益和收益率有所增长;苜蓿的纯收益和收益率要高于黑麦草和青贮玉米;马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)和苜蓿的经济效益更具优势,种植小麦(Triticum aestivum)经济效益较差;黑麦草和青贮玉米人工和土地成本更高,苜蓿水电费最高。建议调整农业产业结构,推行"粮+经+饲+草"四元种植结构,全面扶持牧草产业发展,建立健全牧草生产资料补贴制度。     

Spatially Explicit Evaluation of Local Extractive Benefits from Mangrove Plantations in Bangladesh

Mangroves worldwide provide a wide range of ecosystem services utilized directly and indirectly by local peoples. Between 1966 and 2001, Bangladesh established approximately 148,000 ha of mangrove plantations in coastal areas within the Barisal and Chittagong Divisions. Though erosion and human encroachment and conversion have removed over two-thirds of these stands, the Forest Department has continued to undertake new plantation activities.

To investigate how and to what degree people directly utilize these mangroves, I conducted 340 household surveys across eight coastal villages located in close proximity to established plantations. The predominant direct use of the mangrove plantations by local rural communities is the extraction of detritus and nonmain stem material (e.g., limbs, leaves) for combustible fuel. This study uses household foraging distances to estimate and map net value densities based on reported market prices of extracted goods. The average extractive value of mangrove plantations is Tk 2,300 ha^?1 yr^?1, ranging among the villages from 300 to Tk 27,400 ha^?1 yr^?1, with values concentrated closer to the village. Cost-benefit analyses suggest that direct use values alone have justified the establishment and management of previously planted stands. However, other indirect values must be taken into account if these areas are to merit additional plantations.     

Economic evaluation of financial and non-financial costs and benefits in agroforestry development and the value of sustainability

Financial appraisal of agroforestry is not different in kind from appraisals applied to pure forestry. Existing techniques for valuing non-market effects may also be applied. Effects on hydrological and carbon fluxes might be less favourable than those of pure forests. In the confusing field of biodiversity valuation too, only limited and specific claims can be made for agroforestry. Amenity valuation techniques developed for trees and woodlands encounter additional problems of interpretation in an agroforestry context. Agroforestry may offer a quantifiable value in short-term sustainability, and might meet recent economic definitions of long-term sustainable development, without encountering the full dangers to future generations embodied in conversion of natural to human capital.     

基于环境费用-效益分析的农村户用沼气池效益分析

利用环境经济学中环境费用-效益分析的原理和方法,对农村户用沼气池的效益进行分析和计算,并且将环境效益考虑在内进行分析,结果显示户用沼气池建设有显著的效益.     

The River Wadu role play — ten years experience

This paper describes a role playing planning exercise that has been used for training agriculturists, engineers and agricultural economists for more than ten years. It sets out the objectives and key features of the exercise and the experience that has been gained in its use. The exercise has been found to successfully test and integrate subject matter expertise acquired from formal teaching. It also highlights the multiple and often conflicting objectives of irrigation planning, and the need for full evaluation of alternatives and sound technical judgements under conditions of inadequate data and time pressure. The exercise is also successful in developing professional personal skills such as group working, interviewing and presentation, and is recommended as an effective training aid.     

广东省农户水稻生产成本收益及种粮意愿分析

【目的】了解广东省水稻生产户的投入产出水平、成本收益状况和农户种粮意愿。【方法】通过 田野调查获得微观农户数据,利用描述性统计结合定性分析分析农户生产情况和生产意愿。【结果】当前广东 省水稻生产面临严重的老龄化和副业化,土地规模小,细碎化严重;在考虑劳动力和土地成本前提下,农户水 稻生产普遍面临亏损;劳动力占水稻生产成本最大部分,插秧环节以及打晒环节用工较多;农户种植水稻主要 为满足家庭需求,对国家政策了解有限;随着年龄增加,农户退出水稻生产意愿明显。【结论】广东水稻生产 总体缺乏效率,农民对粮食生产缺乏积极性,通过土地流转和优质品种的推广形成规模化、专业化和优质稻的 种植者是广东水稻产业提质增效的重要手段。     

鲆鲽类工厂化养殖指标体系建设——基于农产品成本收益分析的研究

我国从20世纪50年代末开始进行农产品成本收益核算,至今已有半个世纪。2004年开始实行新调查核算体系,标志着农产品成本调查工作步入新的发展道路,但涉及水产养殖成本收益分析的研究较少。借鉴国内外农产品成本收益核算指标体系的设置,以鲆鲽类工厂化养殖为例,建立成本收益核算指标体系,并对将来的进一步研究提出了建议。     

植物抗逆剂蘸浆造林经济效益评价(Ⅰ) ——成本核算

正确评估药剂蘸浆造林成本是科学使用植物抗逆剂的前提。通过对异地试验跟踪调查,采用成本核算法,分析了药剂蘸浆造林各项成本变化。结果显示:对照区、纳米型植物抗逆剂和多效抗旱驱鼠剂(RPA)处理区油松蘸浆造林总成本依次为(7 077.45±404.84)元·hm^-2、(7 238.11±406.48)元·hm^-2和(7 242.20±386.21)元·hm^-2,侧柏为(5 435.10±394.83)元·hm^-2、(596.69±411.88)元·hm^-2和(5 635.57±422.21)元·hm^-2。与对照差异不显著; 而地区间、树种间和药剂间差异显著或极显著。油松和侧柏用工成本占总成本比重为58.37%±0.64%和80.00%±1.64%,种苗成本比重为39.60%±0.69%和17.97%±1.53%,树种间差异极显著; 用工和种苗成本是控制药剂蘸浆造林总成本的关键因素,可以通过提高机械造林和工厂化育苗程度降低造林成本。     

富砚高速BOT融资模式成本—收益分析

公路是牵动经济发展的强力纽带。云南省地处祖国西南边陲,但交通事业发展迅速,大规模的公路建设带来了巨额的资金需求;另一方面,政府财力有限,必须广泛吸引社会资金,BOT模式应运而生。本文以云南省第一个BOT融资建设的富砚高速公路为例,运用成本—收益理论,从财务管理的角度对富砚高速公路的财务效益做出评价,并分析富砚高速公路运用BOT存在的问题,提出改进建议,希望以此能为云南省公路建设事业提供借鉴。