Comparison of different rice flour- and wheat flour-based butter cookies for acrylamide formation

Acrylamide (AcA) contents of different rice flour- and wheat flour-based butter cookies baked at 130 °C for 20, 55, or 90 min were investigated. AcA contents of different flour-based cookies increased with baking time. Color parameters in terms of CIE L*, b*, C*, and ΔE values showed significant opposite correlation to the AcA formation in each of the raw flour cookie. The cookies based on white rice flour had the lowest AcA contents ranging from not detectable (ND) to 204 μg/kg, followed by cookies based on brown rice flour (ND to 450 μg/kg), white wheat flour (155 μg/kg to 661 μg/kg), and whole wheat flour (306 μg/kg to 982 μg/kg). Considerably lower AcA levels were found in the rice flour-based cookies than in the wheat flour-based cookies, as well as in the milled flour-based cookies than in the whole-grain cookies. Although the flour source was considered to play a primary role in determining the AcA content, AcA content was apparently not dependent on the quantities of reducing sugars and free asparagine in the starting raw flour and cookies during baking. In summary, given its reducing potential for AcA formation, rice flour could be used in the production of cookies safe from heat-induced contaminants.     

ASP平台的Cookie会话攻击及防范措施

Cookie是Web服务器保存在用户浏览器上的文本信息.它相当于网站发给某用户进入该网站的身 份的标识.在许可的时间中,用户可以凭着这个身份标识在该网站中行使自已的合法权限.由于Cookie信息 是被保存在客户端的,这就给恶意攻击者提供了窍取通行证的可能.一旦Cookie信息被窍取,攻击者就可以 伪装成该用户,为其他类...     

地产玉米二次利用制作纤维饼干的工艺研究

研究采用L9(34)正交试验法和感官评定法研究了玉米纤维添加量、油脂添加量、疏松剂添加量等对纤维饼干品质的影响。结果表明,最佳饼干品质的工艺条件为:面粉100%,玉米纤维10.0%,精炼植物油11.0%,疏松剂1.2%,白砂糖15.0%,小苏打0.9%,碳酸氢铵0.3%,食盐0.4%。     

茶曲奇的研制

以抹茶和红茶为辅料，研究茶曲奇饼干的最佳配方和工艺参数。本研究茶曲奇的最佳配方为，以面粉100%计，抹茶粉3%或超微红茶粉3%，黄油100%，白糖40%，鸡蛋20%，奶粉8%，吉士粉6%，烘烤温度为上火190℃，下火170℃，烘烤时间为18 min。此配方工艺切实可行，所得到的茶曲奇产品具有良好的感官品质和一定的营养保健功能。     

糙米粉对小麦面团流变学及饼干品质特性的影响

【目的】研究糙米粉对小麦面团热机械学和动态流变学特性及对饼干品质感官特性的影响,为进一步应用糙米开发食品新产品提供依据。【方法】利用混合实验仪、动态流变仪和扫描电子显微镜分析糙米粉替代对于小麦面团热机械学、动态流变学特性和面团微观结构的影响,并结合饼干的烘焙制作分析糙米粉替代对饼干物理特性及感官品质的影响。【结果】混合实验仪结果表明糙米粉的添加造成了面团吸水率的提高;面团的形成时间、稳定时间则随着糙米粉的添加呈下降趋势,并且蛋白质弱化度不断提高。糙米粉的加入稀释了面粉中的面筋蛋白,破坏了面团的连续性,不易形成稳定的网状结构,从而导致面团形成时间和稳定时间下降,并且面团在机械力和加热的双重作用下蛋白质的弱化度不断增加。随着糙米粉替代比的升高,淀粉糊化温度降低,糊化后的峰值扭力、谷值扭力均下降,且淀粉回生的回生扭力（MSB）同样随着糙米粉替代比的增加而降低,主要由于淀粉分解程度增加而导致老化速度变慢;动态流变研究结果显示,添加糙米粉后,面团体系仍然为黏弹性体系;储能模量（G’）和损耗模量（G”）随糙米粉替代量的升高而升高,损耗角正切值tanδ则随着糙米粉的添加而呈降低的趋势,表明了混合体系中分子交联的程度有所增加,弹性比例增大;扫描电镜观察结果显示,添加10%的糙米粉的面团表面变得松散,且开始出现小的裂缝,淀粉球分布变得不均匀,可以观察到不规则形状的米淀粉颗粒,淀粉颗粒与面团表面的附着性明显降低;随着糙米粉替代比继续增加,面团表面裂纹褶皱明显增多加深,并且可以观察到大量的纤维素暴露在其表面,淀粉颗粒分布在其间。烘焙饼干的物理及感官特性研究结果显示,随着糙米粉的添加,饼干的宽度和膨胀比增加,厚度和硬度降低。饼干的硬度、口感、色泽、风味、质构及综合评分等指标均呈降低的趋势,尤其是色泽和风味降低的趋势更加明显,表明由于糠皮部分的存在,糙米糠层中高含量的纤维素及其复合物使糙米加工食品的口感依然较差,此外糠的不愉快气味及其较暗的色泽也使得糙米加工食品的色泽风味难以被接受。【结论】糙米粉的添加使面团更赋有弹性,但不利于面团的稳定性,糙米中糠层的不愉快气味及其较暗的色泽仍然是影响糙米加工食品接受度的关键因素。     

The impact of redox agents on sugar-snap cookie making

The impact of the oxidants potassium bromate and potassium iodate and the reducing agents L-cysteine, glutathione and sodium metabisulfite on sugar-snap cookie making was investigated. Spread behavior of cookie dough during baking (spread rate, set time and collapse) was monitored and texture properties of the baked cookies were determined. Low levels of redox agents impacted neither dough nor cookie properties. High levels of reducing agents (10,000 ppm on a flour base) significantly decreased set time, and, hence, cookie diameter. They also decreased the degree of collapse, which then, evidently, also increased cookie height. Earlier setting and higher resistance to structural collapse, but also the higher intrinsic break strength of the cookie material when adding high levels of reducing agents could be explained on a molecular level as resulting from earlier and more pronounced gliadin–glutenin cross-linking. In contrast, when high levels of oxidizing agents were added, a postponed setting, a more pronounced collapse and decreased intrinsic cookie break strength were observed. The present work demonstrates the importance of heat-induced gluten polymerization during cookie baking and confirms that free sulfhydryl groups are necessary for the polymerization reactions. A model illustrating the role of gluten cross-linking during cookie making is put forward.     

杏鲍菇酥饼的加工工艺

以杏鲍菇菇头、面粉、白糖、棕榈油等作为主要原料,进行杏鲍菇酥饼加工工艺研究。正交试验及感官分析结果显示:油皮与油酥比为3∶5;油皮最佳配方为高筋面粉70%、杏鲍菇菇头粉5%、泡打粉0.9%;油酥最佳配方为低筋面粉45%、杏鲍菇菇头粉10%、棕榈油30%、白砂糖15%。通过此配方工艺制得的杏鲍菇酥饼色泽金黄、口感酥脆、杏鲍菇特有的香味浓厚。     

Effect of high molecular weight glutenins and rye translocations on soft wheat flour cookie quality

The influence of high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) on wheat breadmaking quality has been extensively studied but the effect of different Glu-1 alleles on cookie quality is still poorly understood. This study was conducted to analyze the effect of HMW-GS composition and wheat-rye translocations on physicochemical flour properties and cookie quality of soft wheat flours. Alleles encoded at Glu-A1, Glu-B1 and Glu-D1 locus had a significant effect over physicochemical flour properties and solvent retention capacity (SRC) profile. The null allele for Glu-A1 locus presented the highest cookie factor observed (CF = 7.10), whereas 1BL/1RS and 1AL/1RS rye translocations had a negative influence on CF. The three cultivars that showed the highest CF (19, 44 and 47) had the following combination: Glu-A1 = null, Glu-B1 = 7 + 8, Glu-D1 = 2 + 12 and no secalins. Two prediction equations were developed to estimate soft wheat CF: one using the HMW-GS composition and the other using physicochemical flour parameters, where SRCsuc, SRC carb, water-soluble pentosans, damaged starch and protein turned out to be better CF predictors. This data suggests that grain protein allelic composition and physicochemical flour properties can be useful tools in breeding programs to select soft wheat of good cookie making quality.     

江苏省优质软麦品种品质特性与饼干加工品质的关系

明确软麦品种在大田生产中的品质表现和品质育种筛选指标,对于优质生产及提高育种效率具有重要意义。选用江苏淮南麦区15份优质软麦品种(系),鉴定其高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)组成,开展3个试验点次的大田种植,分析了小麦样本的籽粒硬度、灰分含量、蛋白质含量和质量参数、粉质仪参数、揉面仪参数、溶剂保持力、贮藏蛋白组分含量参数、黏度仪参数等品质性状和饼干加工品质。结果表明,不同类型的品质参数受基因型和环境的影响不同。所有样本的蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、稳定时间均不达国标(GB/T 17320-2013、GB/T 17893-1999),部分品种(系)的沉淀值达标,所有样本的籽粒硬度和吸水率全部达标。相关性分析表明,籽粒硬度、灰分含量和黏度仪参数与饼干加工品质无显著相关性。沉淀值、粉质仪吸水率、粉质仪稳定时间、揉面仪峰值时间、揉面仪衰落角、水溶剂保持力、碳酸钠溶剂保持力、乳酸溶剂保持力、谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比、不溶性谷蛋白含量和不溶性谷蛋白百分含量与饼干直径呈显著(r≤–0.520)或极显著(r≤–0.652)负相关,相关系数分别为–0.657、–0.601、–0.617、–0.659、–0.676、–0.857、–0.726、–0.616、–0.546、–0.541和–0.637。多元回归方程显示,水溶剂保持力可解释饼干直径变异的73.76%,与籽粒蛋白共同可解释饼干直径变异的83.90%。在籽粒硬度和蛋白含量选择的基础上,降低面筋强度和面粉综合吸水特性是软麦育种的主要目标,水溶剂保持力、乳酸溶剂保持力和揉面仪参数是软麦育种最重要的筛选指标。     

Effect of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit deletion on soft wheat quality properties and sugar-snap cookie quality estimated through near-isogenic lines

High-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GSs) play a critical role in determining the viscoelastic properties of wheat dough. The HMW-GSs are encoded by Glu-A1, Glu-B1, and Glu-D1 loci on the long arms of chromosomes 1A, 1B, and 1D, respectively. In the present study, four near-isogenic lines with different HMW-GS deletions and compositions at the Glu-A1 and Glu-D1 loci in Yangmai 18 background were used for quality analysis. Deletion in Glu-D1 showed much weaker gluten quality and dough strength than null Glu-A1 genotype and wild genotype (WT), based on the measurements of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-sedimentation, lactic acid solvent retention capacity (SRC), gluten index, development time, stability time, and alveograph P and L values. The deletion of Glu-D1 did not significantly affect grain hardness, grain protein content, water SRC, sodium carbonate SRC, and sucrose SRC. Double null genotype in Glu-A1 and Glu-D1 and single null genotype in Glu-D1 showed significantly higher cookie diameter, crispness, and lower cookie height compared with single null genotype in Glu-A1 and WT. These indicate that the null Glu-D1 genotype is useful for improvement of biscuit quality, and use of this germplasm would be a viable strategy to develop new wheat varieties for biscuit processing.