Biotransformation of tuna waste by co-fermentation into an aquafeed ingredient

Dried skipjack tuna ( Katsuwonus pelamis) waste (red meat, gills, viscera, fins, etc.) were mixed with 25% wheat flour and inoculated with a starter culture of Lactobacillus plantarum National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM) 2912 (10⁸–10⁹ cells mL⁻¹) and Bacillus licheniformis MTCC 6824 (10⁷–10⁸ cells mL⁻¹). Changes in the nutritional quality (crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, crude fibre and nitrogen-free extract and aminoacids) were monitored during a fermentation period of 14 days. The proximate analysis showed significant changes in the composition of L. plantarum -fermented tuna (LPFT) and B. licheniformis -fermented tuna (BLFT) from the unfermented raw materials. Fermentation of tuna waste has resulted in a significant ( P <0.05) increase in the protein content of tuna waste between days 6 and 12. All the amino acid contents in BLFT increased during fermentation, whereas, in LPFT the levels of serine, histidine, tyrosine, methionine, cystine and phenylalanine contents were decreased. A marginal increase in calcium and phosphorus levels was recorded in the fermented products. The results of the study suggest that LPFT or BLFT can be used as a novel aquafeed ingredient for different fish species.     

黑茶发酵优势菌对茶多酚的生物转化研究

利用从茯砖茶中分离出的冠突散囊菌和从普洱茶中分离出的黑曲霉、根霉分别接种于以茶多酚作为唯一碳源的培养基中,进行单一菌株发酵,对发酵过程茶多酚类化合物的变化规律进行分析.结果表明,发酵期内,随着发酵时间延长,各发酵液的茶多酚总量显著降低,冠突散囊菌、黑曲霉、根霉发酵液中多酚分别降低38.9％、85.5％和92.1％;黄酮类总量在黑曲霉、根霉的作用下先下降后上升,冠突散囊菌则波动上升;各处理儿茶素总量均显著下降,其中酯型儿茶素含量直线下降,非酯型儿茶素和没食子酸的含量均先增加后减少.在黑曲霉、根霉作用下,茶黄素、茶红素含量显著减少,茶褐素含量增加.冠突散囊菌发酵液中茶黄素含量减少,茶红素含量增加,茶褐素含量基本不变.基于不同优势菌对茶多酚的转化在质和量上均有差异,有必要对其转化产物进行深入研究.     

自然铜的生物转化研究

利用Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270(A.ferrooxidans ATCC23270)对自然铜进行生物转化,考察矿浆浓度,微生物接种量,系统初始pH,浸出时间以及温度对自然铜转化的影响。利用单因素法对A.ferrooxidans转化自然铜进行条件优化。结果表明,自然铜最佳浸出工艺为矿浆浓度0.5%、系统初始pH值1.75、接种量10%、浸出时间15 d以及环境温度35℃,浸出率可达65.32%。初步获得了A.ferrooxidans转化自然铜的条件,为中药的炮制提供新思路。     

Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases in Bovine and Porcine Granulosa Cells Convert Zearalenone into its Hydroxylated Metabolites α-Zearalenol and β-Zearalenol

The enzymes 3α- and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α- and 3β-HSD) play a pivotal role in synthesis of various steroid hormones including oestradiol and testosterone. The structure of the mycotoxin zearalenone resembles many characteristics of steroids and binds to oestrogen receptors as an agonist. Consequently, it is suggested that zearalenone is also a substrate for 3α-HSD and 3β-HSD. 3α-HSD and 3β-HSD isoforms are expressed in the liver and kidney but also in many steroidogenic tissues. It was the aim of the present study to demonstrate the presence of these enzymes in granulosa cells, which were obtained from bovine and porcine ovaries, and to investigate whether zearalenone is a substrate for these enzymes. The results show a species-specific expression pattern in the granulosa cells of both species. Moreover, it was demonstrated that zearalenone when added to the culture medium, is converted into α-zearalenol and β-zearalenol. Corresponding to the apparent expression profile, in porcine granulosa cells predominantly α-zearalenol was formed, whereas bovine granulosa cells preferentially converted zearalenone into β-zearalenol. This is the first report demonstrating the extrahepatic biotransformation of zearalenone in target tissues.     

Effect of the ionophore antibiotic monensin on the ruminal biotransformation of benzimidazole anthelmintics

The benzimidazole (BZD) anthelmintics, netobimin (NTB) pro-drug and albendazole sulphoxide (ABZSO) are reduced to albendazole (ABZ) by ruminal microflora. The aim of the current work was to evaluate the influence of the ionophore monensin (MON) on the in vitro biotransformation of NTB and ABZSO by sheep ruminal fluid. Ruminal fluid, collected from Corriedale sheep, was preincubated (24 h) either without (control) or with known MON concentrations (0.5, 1.5 and 3.0 microg/mL) at 38 degrees C under a CO2 atmosphere. Afterwards, aliquots from both MON-pretreated and control ruminal fluid samples were incubated (30 and 60 min) with 2 microg/mL of either NTB or ABZSO. Incubated samples were chemically extracted and analysed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography to quantify the metabolites formed. The rate of ABZ production after 30 min of NTB incubation with control ruminal fluid was 0.023 microg/min. Conversely, the rates of ABZ formation were significantly (P<0.05) lower (0.009, 0.011 and 0.013 microg/min) when NTB was incubated with ruminal fluid pretreated with MON (at 0.5, 1.5 and 3.0 microg/mL, respectively). After both incubation periods, the reduction of ABZSO to ABZ was 22 to 70% lower when the ruminal fluid was preincubated with the different MON concentrations. The lower ABZ production observed in the presence of MON may result in a modified availability of this molecule in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and hence, on its anthelmintic efficacy against GI nematodes.     

The use of cultured hepatocytes from goats and cattle to investigate xenobiotic oxidative metabolism

The oxidative metabolism of aldicarb (ALD), a carbamate pesticide, and fenbendazole (FBZ), an anthelmintic, was studied using cultured hepatocytes obtained from 4 goats and a bullock and incubated with ALD (50 mol/L) and FBZ (10 mol/L). The parent compounds and the metabolites were measured by HPLC. Both compounds are metabolized at the sulphur atom via two sequential oxidations, first to the sulphoxide (aldicarb sulphoxide and oxfendazole, respectively) and then to the sulphone. Oxfendazole and fenbendazole sulphone from FBZ, and aldicarb sulphoxide from ALD were found in both species. Aldicarb sulphone was not produced by the hepatocyte preparations from the bullock. The good correlation obtained comparing the in vitro results of FBZ metabolism with published in vivo dat obtained on FBZ kinetics in the same species confirmed the usefulness of in vitro models for predictive analysis of in vivo xenobiotic biotransformations.Abbreviations ALD aldicarb - ALDSON aldicarb sulphone - ALDSOX aldicarb sulphoxide - BSA bovine serum albumin - ID internal diameter - EGTA ethylene glycol bis(-aminoethyl ether) N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid - FBZ fenbendazole - FBZSON fenbendazole sulphone - HBSS Hanks' balanced saline solution - HPLC high-pressure liquid chromatography - LDH lactate dehydrogenase - MFO mixed function oxidase - NCS newborn calf serum - OXF oxfendazole - WME Williams' Medium E     

混菌发酵绿茶产脂肪酶及其对酯型儿茶素的水解作用分析

微生物的发酵作用导致黑茶加工过程中儿茶素的生物转化和总茶多酚含量的下降,这一转化过程的代谢途径和调控机制尚不清楚。通过添加冠突曲霉(Aspergillus cristatum)菌株PE-1和黑曲霉(A. niger)菌株PE-4混合发酵绿茶,采用鉴别培养基平板检测、酶活性测定和酶蛋白分离纯化,研究脂肪酶活性及其对酯型儿茶素的水解作用。两个菌株单菌发酵和混合菌种发酵绿茶条件下均可以检测到脂肪酶活性,混菌发酵酶活力高于两个菌株单菌发酵的酶活力。混菌发酵条件下获得一个分子量约为37 kDa的脂肪酶,对EGCG和ECG有不同的生物转化作用。UPLC检测结果表明,该脂肪酶对EGCG有较好的底物选择性,EGCG的水解率为94.46%,EGC的产率为63.33%;ECG的水解率为15.45%,EC的产率为4.15%。脂肪酶对EGCG和ECG的生物转化将为儿茶素代谢途径的研究和单体儿茶素的生产起到促进作用。     

鞘氨醇单胞菌2-F2将人参主皂苷Re转化为人参稀有皂苷Rh1

从人参根系土壤中分离的菌株2-F2将人参主皂苷Re转化为稀有皂苷Rh1,其转化机理为Re→Rg1→Rh1.进行16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析,菌株2-F2与Sphingomonas asaccharolytica IFO15499T在同一分支上,同源性为99.5%.该菌株属于鞘氨醇单胞菌属.     

微生物转化人参皂苷Rb1为稀有皂苷F2

从橙汁中分离到的菌株CZ2能使人参皂苷Rb1转化为稀有皂苷F2和gypenoside-XVII.最佳转化培养基含酵母提取粉1 g/L、氯化铵0.5 g/L、磷酸氢二钾1 g/L、磷酸二氢钾0.5 g/L、硫酸镁0.25 g/L,pH值为4.0.菌株CZ对人参皂苷Rb1的生物转化机理为Rb1→Gpy-XVII→F2.