G and P genotype profiles of rotavirus A field strains circulating in beef and dairy cattle herds in Brazil, 2006–2015

The aim of this retrospective study was to use RT-PCR and nucleotide sequencing analysis to determine the G (VP7 gene) and P (VP4 gene) genotypes of 155 Brazilian bovine rotavirus A (RVA) wild-type strains detected in diarrheic calves from all Brazilian geographical regions from 2006 to 2015. The RVA strains evaluated belonged to the G6, G10, P[5], and P[11] genotypes. The G6P[5] genotype was prevalent (65.5%; P < 0.05) in beef, and the G10P[11] (38.4%) and G6P[11] (30.8%) genotypes were more prevalent in dairy cattle herds. The Midwest was the region with the highest number of genotyped RVA strains, where the genotypes G6, P[5], and P[11] were identified. Genotype combination G6-IV/P[5]-IX, prevalent in beef herds, and G6-III/P[11]-III or G10-IV/P[11]-III, prevalent in dairy herds, were detected. In addition, for the first time in Brazil, we detected the P[5] and P[11] genotype RVA strains that belong to lineage II and VII, respectively.     

Detection and genetic diversity of porcine rotavirus A,B and C in eastern Australian piggeries

Rotaviruses (RV) have a high prevalence in piggeries worldwide and are one of the major pathogens causing severe diarrhoea in young pigs. RV species A, B, and C have been linked to piglet diarrhoea in Australian pig herds, but their genetic diversity has not been studied in detail. Based on sequencing of the structural viral protein 7 (VP7) RVA G genotypes G3, G4 and G5, and RVC types G1, G3, G5, and G6 have been identified in Australian piggeries in previous studies. Although occurrence of RVB was reported in Australia in 1988, no further genetic analysis has been conducted. To improve health management decisions in Australian pig herds, more information on RV prevalence and genetic diversity is needed. Here, 243 enteric samples collected from 20 pig farms within Eastern Australia were analysed for the presence of RV in different age groups using a novel PCR-based multiplex assay (Pork MultiPath™ enteric panel). RVA, RVB, and RVC were detected in 10, 14, and 14 farms, respectively. Further sequencing of VP7 in selected RV-positive samples revealed G genotypes G2, G5, G9 (RVA), G6, G8, G14, G16, G20 (RVB), and G1, G3, G5, G6 (RVC) present. RVA was only detected in young (<10 weeks old) pigs whereas RVB and RVC were also detected in older animals (>11 weeks old). Interestingly, RVB and RVC G-type occurrence differed between age groups. In conclusion, this study provides new insights on the prevalence and diversity of different RV species in pig herds of Eastern Australia whilst demonstrating the ability of the Pork MultiPath™ technology to accurately differentiate between these RV species.     

施氮量对水稻主要米质性状及RVA谱特征参数的影响

在盆栽试验条件下，以汕优63、武育粳3号为试验材料，研究水稻移栽后的施氮量对主要米质性状和RVA谱特征参数的影响。结果表明：整精米率、粗蛋白含量均随施氮量的增加而提高；垩白粒率、垩白度对供氮水平的反应因品种而异；胶稠度随施氮量的提高两者都变软；直链淀粉含量、糊化温度对氮素反应不敏感，处理间无显著差异。稻米     

稻米淀粉RVA谱特征与品质性状相关性研究

 通过2年分别对114个和101个水稻品种（系）的各项品质指标及RVA谱的测定，研究了RVA谱特征值与外观品质、蒸煮理化指标、食味品质的相关关系。结果表明：（1）RVA谱特征值与外观品质中的透明度、垩白率关系较密切。同一品种的稻米，有垩白比无垩白米的表观直链淀粉含量（AAC）要高，热浆粘度、冷胶粘度、消减值、回复值大。（2）RVA谱特征值与蒸煮理化指标中的AAC、胶稠度（GC）相关极为显著，与糊化温度(GT)相关性不显著;（3）除最高粘度外，RVA谱的其余特征值与食味品质的主要指标呈极显著相关。以上结果表明，RVA谱特征值可以作为优质稻米的辅助选择指标。     

灌浆成熟期光照强度对早籼稻直链淀粉含量及淀粉RVA谱特性的影响

选择浙江省推广种植的直链淀粉含量差异较大的3个早籼稻品种，通过5个不同的遮光处理，研究了灌浆成熟期光照强度对早籼稻米直链淀粉及其淀粉RVA谱的影响。结果表明，除品种与光强互作对消减值的效应未达显著水平外，品种、光强及其互作效应对直链淀粉含量及淀粉最高黏度、热浆黏度、崩解值、冷胶黏度和消减值的效应均达显著或极显著水平。灌浆成熟期光照强度对淀粉最高黏度和冷胶黏度的影响最大，对热胶黏度、崩解值和直链淀粉含量的影响也较大，而对直链淀粉含量和消减值的影响则相对较小。最高黏度和崩解值均随着光照强度的下降而明显下降，稻米蒸煮食味品质显著降低。     

不同生育期甘薯块根淀粉糊化特性的差异

 采用差示扫描量热分析仪（DSC）和淀粉粘度速测仪（RVA）分析了3个甘薯品种（系）在块根发育过程中淀粉糊化特性的变化。结果表明，随甘薯生育期的延长，3个品种的淀粉率都呈下降趋势，但直链淀粉率的变化则因品种而异。早期收获，徐薯18和浙大9201的直链淀粉率表现较高，而浙3449则较低。随生育期延长，DSC糊化峰向低温方向移动，且峰宽增大、峰逐渐消失，其糊化温度和热焓变化也随之递减，而RVA的最高粘度则呈现递增趋势。相关分析发现，甘薯直链淀粉含量与各糊化特性参数间存在一定相关性，但这种相关性的大小又受到品种制约。     

不同收获时期对稻米味度值和RVA谱特性的影响

选用粳稻品种东优9901和长粒香,研究不同收获时期对稻米味度值与RVA谱特性的影响.结果表明:不同收获期处理间的味度值和粘滞峰消减值没有显著差异;但整精米率、下降粘度和最高粘度均存在显著或极显著的差异,东优9901在灌浆35～40 d时RVA谱特性最佳,而长粒香在灌浆35～45 d时RVA谱特性最好.     

国标优质籼稻的稻米品质与淀粉RVA谱特征研究

【目的】了解国标优质籼稻的米质特点.【方法】以广东省最近育成的水稻品种粤晶丝苗2号等为研究材料,对稻米碾磨品质、外观品质、蒸煮食味品质、营养品质和淀粉RVA谱进行了测定和相关分析.【结果和结论】国标优质籼稻具有整精米率较高、粒型窄长、腹心白少、透明度好、直链淀粉含量适中和长胶稠度等优点;蛋白质含量品种间差异不大,脂肪酸含量品种间的差异较大,粤秀占、巴太香1号、粤晶丝苗2号的脂肪酸含量较高;国标优质籼稻的RVA谱具有高崩解值、低消减值的特点,食味品质优于非国标优质籼稻,其中粤晶丝苗2号的崩解值和消减值符合公认的优质食味指标值,是一个食味品质优良的籼稻品种.直链淀粉、胶稠度与RVA谱的冷胶黏度、崩解值和消减值密切相关,在水稻品质育种中增加RVA谱测定,尤其是将直链淀粉、胶稠度的选择与崩解值、碱消值分析相结合,可有效地提高水稻食味品质选择的准确性.     

改进RVA法在河流水文情势评价中的应用

【目的】研究改进变化范围法(Range of Variability Approach,RVA)中各水文指标对生态环境的响应程度,以有效避免RVA在评价河流整体水文情势时容易忽略低度、中度改变指标的不足,为河流生态系统的管理决策提供参考。【方法】基于改进的RVA算法充分考虑了5类33个水文指标与生态系统之间的响应程度,并将层次分析法(主观赋权法)与熵权法(客观赋权法)相结合赋予各指标生态权重,集结并累加各指标综合生态权重与单个水文指标改变度,综合评价河流水文情势的整体改变度。以渭河关中段为例,依据林家村、咸阳、华县水文站1960-2010年的日径流资料,借助Mann-Kendall非参数检验方法诊断径流序列突变点,采用RVA法计算单个水文指标的改变度,利用改进的RVA法对渭河关中段水文情势的整体改变度进行评价。【结果】利用未改进的RVA方法计算得到渭河关中段林家村、咸阳、华县控制断面的整体改变度分别为75%,69%,67%,均属于高度改变;而用改进RVA算法计算得到的林家村、咸阳控制断面的整体改变度分别为51%,40%,属于中度改变,华县控制断面的整体改变度为29%,属于低度改变。对比两种不同评价结果并进行合理性分析可知,基于改进RVA方法的评价结果更加贴近河道所提供的整体信息和指标改变度的分布特征,符合客观实际。【结论】通过赋予各水文指标生态权重,综合考虑各水文指标与生态系统之间的响应程度,能有效融合33个水文指标在评价河流整体改变度时的内涵,研究成果更加客观且符合实际。     

Enzymatic extraction of beta-glucan from oat bran cereals and oat crackers and optimization of viscosity measurement

The viscosity of the soluble fibre, β-glucan, has been shown to influence its ability to lower serum cholesterol and postprandial blood glucose levels. The impact of various amylases, proteases and lipase on the solubility and resulting viscosity of β-glucan extracted from oat bran cereals with a range of β-glucan concentrations and molecular weights was investigated. Addition of enzymes increased the final viscosity of high molecular weight β-glucan in cereals by facilitating the release of β-glucan from the food matrix. For cereals with partially depolymerized β-glucan, the addition of digestive enzymes decreased the final viscosity by eliminating the contribution of starch and protein to viscosity. Final viscosity varied depending on enzyme combinations including pancreatin, salivary and microbial α-amylases, microbial protease, porcine protease, trypsin and α-chymotrypsin. Addition of lipase did not significantly affect viscosity or solubility of β-glucan extracted from oat crackers. Addition of lichenase showed that β-glucan was the major contributor of viscosity to the system, with negligible interference from other components. The viscosity of the optimized protocol was compared to physiological results previously obtained. The viscosity of β-glucan extracted with pancreatin plus microbial α-amylase (pH 6.9) was predictive of LDL-cholesterol reduction (R² = 0.847) and glycemic response (R² = 0.883).