Differential expressions among five Waxy alleles and their effects on the eating and cooking qualities in specialty rice cultivars

Eating and cooking qualities(ECQs) of rice are important attributes due to its major influence on consumer acceptability. To better understand the molecular mechanism of the variation in ECQs, we investigated and compared the expressions among different alleles of the Waxy(Wx) gene and its effect on ECQs in specialty rice cultivars. The results showed that the accumulation of amylose was positively and significantly correlated to the level of mature Wx m RNA and granule-bound starch synthase I(GBSS I) in developing rice grain at 12 days after flowering. The amount of GBSS I and its activity together are the main factors controlling amylose synthesis. Differences in ECQs among five Wx allele types were investigated in samples from 15 rice varieties. The apparent amylose content(AAC) and gel consistency(GC) were similar in each type of Wx allele. The AAC followed the order, Wxa typeWxin typeWxb typeWxmq typewx. Contrary to this, the GC showed an opposite trend compared to AAC. There was a wide variation in rapid visco analyzer(RVA) profile among five Wx allele types, while varieties sharing a specified Wx allele had basically the similar RVA profile, although there was a slight difference in some RVA parameters, peak, hot paste and cool paste viscosities.     

快速黏度仪分析燕麦粉的理化性质

燕麦粉作为一种谷物,加工后可广泛应用于饮料体系。应用快速黏度仪研究燕麦粉的淀粉糊化特性,同时,通过面筋蛋白醇溶指数法及稀乳酸法分别研究燕麦粉的面筋蛋白质特性,探讨不同工艺条件对淀粉糊化特性及面筋蛋白质黏度特性的影响,测定燕麦粉中β-葡聚糖含量。结果表明：β-葡聚糖含量对燕麦粉的快速黏度仪稀酸法面筋蛋白质黏度特性的测定无明显影响。另外,稀乳酸法中峰值黏度及最终黏度与醇溶指数法中最终黏度间分别存在相关性,相关系数分别为0.8103、0.8364,而与醇溶指数法中醇溶指数无相关性。     

籼粳稻杂交后代蒸煮食味品质与亚种分化的关系

以2个典型籼粳稻杂交重组自交系F8群体(中优早8号×丰锦,计158株系;七山占×秋光,计142株系)为试材,利用程氏指数法鉴别其籼粳属性,同时测定稻米食味品质及淀粉RVA特征值,分析籼粳杂交后代稻米蒸煮食味品质与籼粳亚种性状特征的关系。结果表明:1)2个群体程氏指数、口感、综合评分及RVA谱特征值均呈连续分布,大部分株系介于双亲值之间;2)程氏指数与口感、综合评分及各RVA谱特征值的相关不显著或相关系数较小,依据程氏指数划分的类型间口感、综合评分及RVA谱特征值无明显差异,说明籼粳分化对稻米食味品质无直接影响;3)随着口感改善和综合评分的提高,热浆黏度、冷胶黏度、消减值降低、回复值升高,其他RVA谱特征值变化规律性不明显。     

Determination of Amylose Content and Its Relationship with RVA Profile Within Genetically Similar Cultivars of Rice （Oryza safiva L. ssp. japonica）

Anther culture pure lines with antisense Wx gene were generated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated co-transformation followed by anther culture in transgenic rice （Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica）. The antisense Wx transgenic pure lines were used to analyze the differences and the relationship between RVA eigenvalues among the lines with different amylose contents. 77 pure lines of anther culture having antisense Wx gene were studied for the amylose content of its offspring cultivar, Wuyunjing 7. It was found that levels ofamylose content were similar to the control in 19 lines （16.0%）; 1-5% lower than control in 50 lines, of which, within 11.0-13.9% in 40 lines; and 3.1-4.0% in 8 lines. The effect of the amylose content on RVA eigenvalue was analyzed through the RVA profile graphic comparison and test of significance for RVA eigenvalues. The analysis of RVA profiles with different amylose contents indicated that there were two kinds of RVA profiles within genetically similar cultivars. The lines with 3.1-4.0% of amylose content were distinctly different from other lines and conventional glutinous rice. The comparison of the similarity curve of RVA profile of the lines with different amylose contents showed that the lines with lower amylose content had a distinguished RVA profile with the curve increasing gradually, but not exceeding the first apex. The test of significance for eigenvalues of the RVA profile in the lines with different amylose contents indicated that there were five eigenvalues remarkably different among the lines with 3.1-4.0% of amylose content compared with other two groups. Further, there were three eigenvalues remarkably different among the lines with 11.0-13.5% of amylose content compared with control group. An optimized mathematical model, which characterizes the relationships between the amylose content and RVA eigenvalue, has been established in this study. From this model, it was clearly indicated that the parameters PeT and SBV were more related to amylose content. It was concluded that the differences in amylose content not only affected the eigenvalues of RVA but also caused different RVA profiles within genetically similar cultivars. The introduction of antisense Wx gene could lead to reduce the amylose content and lay theoretical foundation for quality improvement in rice breeding programs.     

直链淀粉含量适中籼稻品种间的食味品质差异分析

为研究适中直链淀粉含量品种间的食味品质差异,对24份直链淀粉含量达到农业部一级优质食用稻米标准的籼稻品种进行了分析。结果表明:长宽比、胶稠度、碱消值、崩解值与食味品质达到了极显著正相关水平,粒宽、垩白率、消减值、回复值、蛋白质含量与食味值达到了极显著负相关水平。食味品质较好的品种粒宽、垩白率、垩白度、回复值和消减值应较小,蛋白质含量较低,长宽比、胶稠度、崩解值较大。通径分析表明,长宽比、胶稠度、碱消值对食味品质具有较大的直接作用。本研究结果可为今后完善稻米品质评价指标及稻米食味品质改良提供理论依据。     

施钾对甘薯常规品质性状及其淀粉RVA特性的影响

以1980年建立的砂壤质潮土土壤肥力与肥料效益长期监测基地(徐州点)的长期肥料定位试验为研究平台,研究缺钾(ＮＰ)和施钾(ＮＰＫ)处理对甘薯品质性状和ＲＶＡ特性的影响。结果表明：施钾(NPK)处理加大不同基因型甘薯品质性状及其RVA特性差异,有利于碳水化合物和蛋白质合成代谢与积累,降低鲜薯块根干率,最高粘度和崩解值等呈极显著差异(P＜001),表现出甘薯钾素遗传特性的多样性;缺钾(NP)处理,品质性状指标与RVA特征值间表现良好相关性,显示RVA特征参数反映甘薯淀粉品质特性的可行性。     

不同生态环境对谷子营养品质和淀粉特性的影响

为明确不同生态环境对华北夏谷区育成谷子品种营养成分及淀粉特性的影响,选用9个夏谷区代表性谷子品种,在辽宁朝阳、山东济南和海南三亚3个生态点种植,测定不同生态环境下谷子营养成分含量以及小米淀粉特性指标。结果表明：谷子营养成分含量在品种间、地点间以及互作间的差异均达到极显著水平。粗蛋白含量由高到低表现为朝阳>济南>三亚,呈现随纬度升高而增大的趋势。粗脂肪含量由高到低表现为三亚>济南>朝阳,呈现随纬度的升高而逐渐减小的趋势。济南试点的类胡萝卜素含量最高,与其他2个试点差异显著。总淀粉含量济南试点最高,随纬度变化规律不明显;直链淀粉含量由高到低表现为三亚>济南>朝阳,呈现随纬度的升高而逐渐减小的趋势;朝阳试点的淀粉支直比最高,趋势与直链淀粉表现相反。种植地点对淀粉RVA谱的7项特征值均存在极显著影响;品种、地点×品种对峰值时间的影响均未达到显著水平。热浆粘度、最终粘度以及消减值由高到低均表现为三亚>济南>朝阳,呈现随纬度的增加而降低的趋势。崩解值以及峰值粘度均以山东济南最高,随纬度变化规律不明显。种植地点和品种对谷子营养成分含量以及淀粉RVA谱特征值均有显著影响;种植地点对谷子蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉以及类胡萝卜素含量的影响都较大。高纬度有利于蛋白质的积累,而脂肪含量则随纬度的增加而降低。综上所述,谷子营养品质和淀粉特性受生态环境影响较大,因此,可以根据不同纬度谷子的营养及食味品质不同的特性筛选出适宜特定地区种植的优良谷子品种,便于划分各优质谷子品种的产区。     

储藏温度和水分对大米糊化特性影响的研究

对不同储藏条件下大米的糊化特性进行了分析研究.本次试验选用的样品为丰优22型籼稻,选择含水量为13.5％、14.5％和15.5％三个不同梯度的试样,分别保存于15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃下模拟储藏两年,利用快速粘度分析仪测出其相应的糊化主要特征值进行了相关性及方差分析.结果表明,储藏温度和含水量与大米粘度的回升值和糊化温度呈正相关,且储藏温度对大米糊化特性的影响非常显著.     

再生稻与晚稻常规米质及RVA谱特征的对比研究

以黄华占、天优华占、农香32、泰优390、甬优4149和湘晚籼17为试验材料,设置再生稻、一季晚稻和双季晚稻3种种植方式,测定了再生稻与晚稻稻米品质及RVA谱特征。结果表明:再生稻的整精米率比双季晚稻的提高了16.8%,但与一季晚稻的差异不显著;再生稻的垩白度和垩白粒率比双季晚稻的分别降低了7.7%和15.9%,而与一季晚稻的相差较小;再生稻的直链淀粉含量比双季晚稻的降低了3.3%,但比一季晚稻的提高了2.9%;再生稻的胶稠度比一季晚稻的提高了1.9%,比双季晚稻的提高了3.0%。再生稻和一季晚稻种植下,6个品种的RVA谱特征参数无显著差异,一季晚稻的峰值黏度和崩解值显著高于双季晚稻的。综合来看,再生稻稻米品质整体介于一季晚稻和双季晚稻之间,表现较稳定。     

一些小麦品种的淀粉特性分析

为了筛选出淀粉品质优良的面条小麦品种,分析了200份国内小麦品种(系)和6份澳大利亚小麦品种的淀粉特性及Waxy蛋白亚基组成.与国外优质面条小麦相比,国内小麦的淀粉品质总体上有一定差距,但主要淀粉特性的变异范围比较广,如直链淀粉含量变幅为17.79%～27.14%,膨胀势为3.77～10.45g/g,峰值粘度为491.50～4 497.00 cP,低谷粘度为74.00～3 042.00 cP,崩解值为584.50～1 986.50 cP.国内小麦品种(系)中有15份缺失Wx-B1蛋白亚基,其直链淀粉含量、峰值粘度和崩解值的平均值优于正常类型品种(系),如花培18-5直链淀粉含量低于19%,峰值粘度高于4000 cP,崩解值高于1 500 cP.河南省小麦品种(系)的淀粉特性优于其他省市.