叶用莴苣抗氧化物及其生物活性研究进展

叶用莴苣(Lactuca sativa L.)又名生菜,富含多酚化合物、抗坏血酸、类胡萝卜素、VE等高活性抗氧化物质。本文从生菜抗氧化活性物质的组分及含量、抗氧化活性评价及抗氧化机理、外界因素对生菜抗氧化物的影响等方面综述了生菜抗氧化研究领域近年来的研究成果,并对未来研究方向进行了展望。     

Individual polyphenolic profiles and antioxidant activity in sorghum grains are influenced by very low and high solar UV radiation and genotype

Sorghum is becoming more widely recognised around the world as a valuable crop for its polyphenol antioxidant health-promoting properties and adaptation to harsh environments. The antioxidant capacity of diverse polyphenols in sorghum grain can vary with climatic conditions and genotype. To explore this further, the potential role of UV radiation on the profile and concentration of polyphenols was investigated in six diverse sorghum genotypes in a controlled environment facility using natural UV and visible radiation under either UV-transmitting or UV-blocking treatments. The polyphenol content and antioxidant activity were significantly reduced under the UV-blocking treatment, with contents of individual polyphenols differing among the genotypes. This information is valuable for sorghum breeders enabling them to select genotypes and UV growth conditions to produce sorghum grain with target levels of polyphenols and antioxidant capacity for human foods to meet the nutritional and health needs of different consumers.     

连翘果实多酚提取及其复合涂膜保鲜剂在葡萄保鲜中的应用

为解决植物源防腐保鲜成分用于食品保鲜问题,以连翘果实为研究对象,采用恒温磁力搅拌水浴辅助乙醇浸提连翘果实多酚类物质,优化提取工艺使用L₉(3 ⁴)正交实验进行设计;将连翘多酚、植酸、氯化钙和柠檬酸与壳聚糖结合,对葡萄进行涂膜处理,研究其在常温贮藏条件下的保鲜效果。结果表明,在优化提取条件为料液比1:10、乙醇体积分数60%、提取温度60℃、提取时间2.5 h,连翘果实多酚的提取率可达7.21%;2%连翘多酚、1%氯化钙、0.15%植酸、2%柠檬酸与1%壳聚糖制成的保鲜剂,在葡萄贮藏中有一定防腐保鲜作用。研究结果可作为连翘果实多酚提取物用于果蔬类食品防腐保鲜的技术参考。     

辽南山葡萄籽多酚提取工艺的初步研究

以山葡萄籽为实验材料，通过单因素法提取葡萄籽中的多酚。根据不同浸提剂在540nm处可见光吸收情况的测定，确定70％甲醇溶液为最佳浸提剂。通过单因素试验确定了提取剂浓度、提取时间、提取温度、料液比的适用范围，再利用正交试验法进行工艺优化。确定最佳工艺条件为：体积分数70％的甲醇，料液比1：20（m／v），70℃水浴，浸提20min。山葡萄籽中多酚的含量可达18．981mg／g。     

茶叶中多酚类物质抗氧化活性的量子化学计算研究

抗氧化剂活性的评价是医药、保健、食品和化妆品等领域研究的热点课题。本文以茶叶中的多酚类物质为研究对象,采用AM1法对多酚类物质的抗氧化活性进行了量子化学计算。结果表明,通过比较生成热(HOF)值可以直接表征多酚类物质的抗氧化活性,即HOF值越低,多酚类的抗氧化活性越强。同时,本文对多酚类物质的抗氧化机理提出了新的观点:在多酚类物质的抗氧化过程中,酚羟基、氢原子和醇羟基都发挥了抗氧化作用。     

茶汤组分与金属离子的络合性能

用直接观察法、酒石酸亚铁法和铬黑 T 祛对绿茶茶汤组分与23种金属离子的络合性能进行了研究,结果表明,有22种金属离子可与茶汤组分发生络合或还原络合反应,其中有10种金属离子参与了茶多酚的络合。钙离子可与茶汤组分生成低溶解度的络合物,其溶解度及稳定性可随反应溶液 pH 升高而下降。钙络合沉淀中的主要茶汤组分是茶多酚,其中以酯型儿茶素含量最高。     

Plackett-Burman和Box-Benhnken Design设计优化促进红松多酚合成诱导条件的研究

[目的]优化促进红松多酚合成的诱导条件.[方法]以红松不定芽为试验材料,通过单因素试验、Plackett-Burman设计试验和Box-Benhnken Deign设计试验研究8种诱导子（苯丙氨酸、肉桂酸、茉莉酸甲酯、水杨酸、壳聚糖、酵母提取物、镧、铕）对红松不定芽中多酚合成的影响,并且对促进多酚合成的诱导子组合条件进行优化.[结果]除了肉桂酸外,其他7种诱导子都能不同程度地提高多酚含量.Plackett-Burman试验确定了3种影响多酚合成的关键因素：壳聚糖、镧和茉莉酸甲酯.Box-Benhnken Design试验对3种关键因素（壳聚糖、镧、茉莉酸甲酯）协同作用的诱导条件进行优化,优化得到的最佳诱导条件为：壳聚糖浓度79.58 mg/L、镧浓度42.21 μmol/L、茉莉酸甲酯浓度16.63 μmol/L,预测多酚含量最高可达到14.28 mg/g,实际多酚含量为13.42 mg/g,与对照组相比提高了122.19％.[结论] Plackett-Burman设计结合Box-Benhnken Design响应面分析法可以很好地对促进多酚合成的诱导条件进行优化,3种诱导子（壳聚糖＋镧＋茉莉酸甲酯）协同组合比单一诱导子更有效地提高红松不定芽中多酚含量,更有利于地促进多酚的合成.     

热带海洋红藻中总酚类化合物含量研究

[目的]开发一种筛选高酚类化合物含量的海洋红藻方法.[方法]对Folin-Denis法测定的红藻中总酚类化合物含量进行了研究,通过Na2CO3溶液和Folin-Denis试剂用量以及显色时间等因素的研究,得出最佳反应体系,同时验证最佳检测条件.[结果]最优试验方法为1.0ml的样品提取液中依次加入20ml水、3.0ml饱和Na2CO3溶液、5.0 ml Folin-Denis试剂,摇匀,显色70 min,在713 nm波长处测定吸光度;红藻的总酚类含量在0.04 ～0.80 mg/ml范围内吸光度和总酚类含量具有良好的线性关系,符合回归方程y=1.470 5x-0.003 8(R2=0.999),平均加标回收率为99.93％,RSD为0.62％.[结论]Folin-Denis法经济、省时、简单、快捷,可用于大量筛选高酚类含量的海洋红藻.     

Disease and pest resistance in grains of sorghum and millets

In this review available information on the mechanisms of resistance to insect pests and fungal pathogens in sorghum and millets is discussed. The primary source of resistance lies in the chemical and physical make up of the grain. Phenolic compounds such as ferulic acid and tannins present in some sorghums are potent inhibitors of pests and pathogens. Grain hardness is a major deterrent to infection and infestation in low tannin grains. The prolamins, the grain storage proteins of sorghum, are organized into protein bodies and provide a physical and a nutritional barrier since they are resistant to digestion by insect and fungal proteases. A plethora of proteins that belong to the ‘pathogenesis related protein’ group are distributed in various parts of the grain. Some of them are located in protein bodies. Notwithstanding, sorghum is still susceptible to insect pests and fungal pathogens. An understanding of the natural mechanisms of resistance in the grain is paramount for the development of durable resistance against pests and pathogens. The pyramiding of resistance genes and the development of transgenic lines based on this understanding are two sources of hope for the future protection of sorghum and millets.     

Antiradical properties of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) flour extracts

Epidemiological studies support the belief that whole grains are protective against several chronic diseases. The health benefits of whole grains are attributed in part to their unique phytochemical composition. Major phytochemicals in grains include various classes of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and coumarin derivatives, etc. Phenolic compounds present in grains possess antioxidant properties that are associated with the health benefits of grains and grain products. Sorghum is one of the main staple cereal grains in hot dry tropics and ranks fifth among cereal crops in the world. Although sorghum is rich in phenolics and tannins which are proven anticancer and cardioprotective constituents, human consumption of sorghum is limited. To our knowledge, there is limited literature on the profile of antioxidant phytochemicals in the local white variety of sorghum. Hence, the objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidant property of white sorghum flour extracts in vitro and also to identify the fractions responsible for the antioxidant activity. In the present study, we analyzed the antioxidative properties of various extracts (water, 60% methanol, 60% ethanol, and 60% t-butanol) of white sorghum flour employing the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) model system. Phenolics, antiradical and antioxidant activities were also examined in chromatographic sub-fractions of the soxhlet methanolic extract. Our results indicated that the various extracts exhibited significant antioxidant activity that did not correlate with the phenolic content. Further, two sub-fractions eluted with methanol and acetone/methanol were found to possess strong antioxidant activity in two assay systems. Our results suggest that a diet rich in sorghum may be useful in combating diseases in which free radical production plays a key role.