老挝沙湾水经济区生态用地利用评价

[目的]探索老挝沙湾水经济区的生态用地特征,为土地利用规划提供依据,并保证在土地合理利用的同时,保障生态环境的健康发展。[方法]从景观格局和生态敏感性2个方面选取适宜的指标,并采用变异系数法,客观确定评价因子权重,综合评价研究区内生态用地的敏感程度和空间分布。[结果]极敏感区、高敏感区、中敏感区、低敏感区、不敏感区分别占研究区总面积的1.42%,19.36%,32.85%,46.01%,0.36%;林地景观类型破碎度相对其他景观类型最低,受人类活动干扰最小;水域和农用地景观类型破碎度最高,形状复杂,受人类活动影响严重;建设用地景观类型由于研究区自身发展条件的制约,面积较小,破碎度相对其他景观类型而言位处于中等水平。[结论]研究区生态用地可划分为生态用地优先建设区、生态用地次优先建设区、生态用地过渡区和生态用地保育区4种生态用地类型。     

水肥一体化技术在老挝旱季花生生产上的应用效果研究

[目的]研究水肥一体化技术在老挝旱季花生生产上的应用效果。[方法]在老挝万象开展了水肥一体化模式下不同施肥量对旱季花生产量和经济效益影响的试验。[结果]与当地常规模式相比,水肥一体化技术能增加花生发芽率、株高、平均荚数、百粒重等,最终能显著提高老挝花生的产量,增产量达1 000 kg/hm~2,增产率为51.9%,同时还能节省人工成本,增加农民收入,能增收2 800元/hm~2。水肥一体化模式下施肥量为91.5 kg/hm~2能使老挝旱季花生生产达到最佳产量。[结论]在老挝旱季推广水肥一体化技术将对当地农业发展起到重要的作用。     

老挝凯山丰威汉市土地资源的空间优化配置

[目的] 通过土地资源的空间优化配置,提高土地利用效率,促进各类产业和基础设施的合理布局,为区域社会经济综合发展提供理论依据。[方法] 将GIS空间分析技术、Logistic回归分析方法与CLUE-S模型相结合,以老挝凯山丰威汉市为研究区域,开展土地资源空间优化配置研究。在空间适宜性和数量结构的约束下,以用地需求、限制因素、转换规则和空间特征为基础进行模型运算,对凯山丰威汉市土地资源进行空间优化配置。[结果] 城市建设用地和水田在原有基础上向适宜区域扩张,分布较为稀疏的林业用地因得到开发利用而相应减少,其他用地类型在数量上和空间上的变化均不明显。[结论] 城镇化建设和农业发展能够为凯山丰威汉市的经济发展提供基础和支撑,同时需要兼顾生态保护,促进土地资源的统筹协调可持续利用。     

老挝北部九省主要农作物优势分析与区域布局

老挝北部九省农业资源丰富,发展农业生产的自然条件比较优越,但由于多种原因,农业发展严重落后。在此,搜集了老挝北部9省2003年至2005年的资料,采用综合比较优势指数法,以规模优势指数、效率优势指数和综合优势指数分析了老北9省主要农作物的比较优势状况,借此对老北9省主要农作物进行区域布局,并最后提出几点建议。     

基于GIS的老挝-中国边境土地适用性评估

对老挝-中国边境林地使用变更进行了评估,并提出了茶叶的土地适用性。建立一个综合的基于GIS的分析系统（IGAS）,该系统支持老挝-中国边境的林地使用和土地适用性的评估研究。采用多标准分析和系统动态技术评估林地使用和土地适用性,同时预测了潜在的茶叶用地。收集到的土地数据和数据分析表明,整体研究区域为10325.07 km2,当前的森林覆被由1992年的6337.33 km2（占61.38%）减少到2002年的5106.28 km2（占49.46%）。当前的森林主要被转为潜在林地和专门的永久农业用地,甚至国家生物多样性保护区域被转为橡胶种植区。林地使用转变的主要原因是贫穷。为了解决这个问题,根据多标准方法,我们对研究区域中适用茶叶种植土地提出了2种分类方案。     

老挝农业生产概况

文章概述了老挝的地理位置、气候条件以及农业在该国的地位,指出老挝农业生产按地理位置可分为北部、中部和南部3个农业生态区,并介绍了老挝水稻、玉米、花生、木薯、甘蔗、大豆、咖啡、香蕉、西瓜等9种主要农作物的生产概况.     

Integrated rodent management in outbreak-prone upland rice growing areas of Northern Laos

An integrated rodent management program was tested in outbreak-prone areas in three provinces of the Northern uplands of Laos (Luangprabang, Phongsaly, Houaphanh). In each province, it was replicated in six villages and associated upland rice fields; six neighboring villages served as negative controls. The program started end of 2010 and aimed at protecting the wet season rice harvest of 2011 against rodent damage. Rodent control techniques included sustained trapping, rodent-proofing of grain stores, rodent hunts and village sanitation campaigns, and biological rodent control using the protozoan parasite Sarcocystis singaporensis. The measures were embedded in a community approach, which was coordinated by provincial and district agricultural officers. Compared to the control villages, which showed on average 10.9% rat damage to ripening upland rice before harvest in 2011, and to the situation of the previous year (12.8%), rat damage was significantly reduced to an average of 4.3% in rice fields of the treatment villages. The incidence of rat-infested rice storage huts dropped significantly from an average of 86% in 2010 to 3.5% in 2011 in the treatment villages. Villagers from Houaphanh culled a total of 73,088 rodents over a period of about nine months, which included mainly black rats (Rattus rattus). Because the program phased out before harvest in 2011, potential losses due to rodents were predicted based on yield-damage relationships of the crop year 2010. The predicted average reduction of yield loss for 2011 was 55%, or 417.6 kg ha⁻¹, in the treatment villages when compared to the controls. The program implemented principles of ecologically-based rodent management (EBRM), the components of which are discussed. In conclusion, EBRM could be helpful in stemming as what was observed as high chronic rodent populations in the uplands of Laos. True outbreaks will require development of a suitable forecast system.     

Can Shifting Cultivation on Acid Soils in the Southeast Asia Be Sustainable in the Future? A Case Study in Northern Laos

Sustainability of the local shifting cultivation practice in the mountainous region of Northern Laos was investigated. Due to low fertility of the soils derived from shale and its strongly weathered and acidic nature in the eastern side of the Nam Khan River watershed, shortening of the fallow period to produce enough amount of upland rice for the local population would not be sustainable any more. On the other hand, the eroded materials from limestone range were added to the soils in the western side of watershed which made the soil more fertile. Based on the calculated population capacity by Carneiro's equation, a system with 2- or 3-year fallow for 1-year cultivation can be the maximum to afford the current population. To make the shifting cultivation system more sustainable, introduction of fallow system with a tree species, paper mulberry ( Broussonetia papyrifera ) could be a good option to be proposed.     

中老缅交界区2005-2017年土地利用/覆被变化及其生态状况

[目的]以中老缅(中国-老挝-缅甸)3国接壤地带为例,通过对其土地利用/覆被的演变过程及生态状况的评估,为该区土地资源的合理利用与生态风险的降低防控提供依据。[方法]基于研究区土地利用/覆被遥感影像数据,通过构建土地利用/覆被变化趋势与状态指数等模型,对其2005-2017年的演变过程及生态状况进行测度。[结果]①研究区以林地、耕地为主导,土地利用组合的一致性较强,但作为多国接壤地带,该区土地利用程度存在一定的国别分异;②随时间演进,研究区土地利用的结构及变化幅度均发生了显著的时空及地类分异,其中林地扩张显著,耕地大幅减少而草地及水体的面积变化相对平稳,后6 a的土地利用变化幅度整体高于前6 a;③12 a间,研究区土地利用变化整体呈不平衡状态,各地类间的变化趋势与状态差异较为显著。随时间演进,受林地外延扩张态势减弱等影响,研究区土地利用变化的稳定性有所增强,但各地类间的变化趋势与状态差异略显增加;④2005-2017年,研究区生态状况整体改善,且国别与空间分异有所减小,12 a间,老挝段生态状况整体较优,缅甸段次之,而中国段的生态状况相对较差,生态综合功能高值区与3国交界处间的距离整体减小。[结论]研究区土地利用/覆被的演变过程及生态状况存在一定的国别分异及阶段性变动特征,中老缅3国对其接壤地带生态本底功能的修复与提升工作正不断增强。