农业土地规模经营的理论探讨

实现农业土地规模经营,有利于生产力有效运转并取得最佳的规模效益。其适度性受各种因素的影响,具有区域性和动态性。规模经营与劳动生产率有着密切的关系,应该在确保提高土地生产率的基础上来提高劳动生产和土地规模经营的效益。土地适当集中、土地经营主体的总人数尽量精简和劳动组合的优化是优化土地经营规模的三个相互制约的因素。要采取积极的措施逐步实现土地的规模经营。对现有土地经营形式要做具体分析,其调整应从有利于生产力发展出发,在尊重群众意愿的基础上稳步进行。     

Measuring the productivity and physical workload of brushcutters within the context of a production-based pay system

Forestry occupations are known to be physically demanding, and workers are often paid on a piece rate basis. This pay system is largely used in silvicultural treatments such as plantation and vegetation management. An ill adjusted piece rate system may induce workforce recruitment difficulties or increase accident rates and work related illnesses. A study combining work measurement, ergonomics and economics was undertaken to better understand the factors influencing a worker's workload. Mathematical relations between site factors, worker's production and heart rate variation during work have been examined based on time and motion studies of 38 brushsaw operators performing regeneration release (cleaning) in northern forests. Results show that a piece rate pay system that considers only the area treated without taking into account site factors may lead workers to behave in ways that may compromise their health and safety. The use of a pay system that integrates the influence of site factors on work performance is therefore suggested.     

技术·资本·劳动对产出的影响率

以经济理论和数学模型为基础 ,定量分析技术、资本和劳动对产出的影响率。     

SL—SY型水蒸汽平炉的研制和应用

SL—SY型水蒸汽平炉的开发,创制了平炉的“双热式、双烟道”,纠正了原平炉的缺陷,大幅度地提高了产品的得率、炉产量和降低了劳动强度,体现出好的经济效益和社会效益。     

适用于散叶烘烤的无缝悬挂烟夹研制与应用

[目的]研制与应用适用于散叶烘烤的无缝悬挂烟夹。[方法]通过烘烤试验对无缝悬挂烟夹进行验证。[结果]与传统挂竿相比,烟夹单炕用于夹烟、装烟、卸烟、解烟的用工比挂竿减少3.00个;单炕技改成本增加10 300.00元;单夹装烟量增加1倍,单炕装烟量提高34%;干烟耗煤量减少0.31 kg/kg,干烟耗电量减少0.14(k W·h)/kg,能耗成本减少0.22元/kg;烤后烟叶上等烟比例、黄烟比例、均价分别提高了4.74%、0.58%和1.08元/kg;烤后烟叶淀粉降低1.92%,化学成分协调性较好。[结论]该装置改善了烟叶烘烤质量,可实现烘烤环节中减工降本增效。     

重庆山地经济现状分析及对策

通过对山地和山地经济的阐述,结合重庆山地经济发展现状,指出若干具体供山地经济发展参考的措施,并从政府层面和个体层面分别阐述了适合重庆山地经济发展的途径。     

河北省康保县主要农作物收益比较分析

河北省康保县位于省西北部的坝上高原,是农业县。2010年笔者通过比较康保县种植的各种农作物的成本、收益,得出不同农作物收益存在显著的差异。当年康保县农作物商品率从大到小的排列依次为:红豆>马铃薯>胡麻>菜籽>莜麦>小麦>豌豆;而农作物的纯收益最高的是马铃薯(14 645元/hm2),其播种面积仅占总耕地面积的4.35%,其次是红豆(6 028元/hm2),其播种面积仅占总耕地面积的2.82%。因此,今后应扩大马铃薯与红豆的种植面积。由从事农业生产者的着眼点分析,当代农民仍有很重的自给自足的思想,耕地的利用率不够理想,没能使土地收益最大化。一般农户用48%的土地生产口粮,而没有尽可能地把土地用于生产比较效益较高的作物,生产小麦、莜麦农户数占总农户数的比例分别为78.57%、67.86%。因此,农业管理部门应加强对农民的基础教育与宣传工作,调整农业种植结构,提高农民收益改善全县的农业生产状况。同时应大力推广农业机械租赁形式的农机化运作模式,以解决农村劳动力不足问题,扩大生产,提高劳动生产率,提高农户的家庭收入。     

中国农村剩余劳动力转移转化问题的根本出路

农村剩余劳动力向非农产业和城镇的转移转化,是世界各国工业化和现代化的必然趋势。我国人口众多,农村劳动力数量也多．又正处于工业化、城镇化加快发展的阶段,将有越来越多的农村剩余劳动力需要转移。农村剩余劳动力的转移转化不仅是制约我国“三农”问题的关键因素,而且直接关系到我国现代化和全面建设小康社会的进程。因此,如何有效实现农村剩余劳动力的转移转化,是当前我国面临的一项重大而又紧迫的研究课题。文章认为,实现农村剩余劳动力在非农产业的就业是中国农村剩余劳动力转移转化问题的根本出路。     

A research agenda to explore the role of conservation agriculture in African smallholder farming systems

Controversy surrounds the promotion of conservation agriculture (CA) in smallholder farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa. The introduction of CA is a profound change in farm management. Benefits in reduced erosion and stabilized crop production may be obtained, but technical performance at field level is but one of the determinants of adoption. For various reasons, all of the CA principles are not always fully implemented by farmers and results not as favourable as expected. As with other approaches to increasing agricultural productivity, the production constraints, farmers’ objectives, and the expected benefits and costs of implementing CA are important aspects that influence adoption. At farm and village levels, trade-offs in the allocation of resources become important in determining how CA may fit into a given farming system. At a regional level, factors such as the market conditions, interactions among stakeholders and other institutional and political dimensions become important. At each level, opportunities or difficulties emerge that enhance or impede development, adaptation and adoption of CA. The ex-ante identification of situations for where CA (and which form of CA) is appropriate demands research from a multi-stakeholder, multi-level, and interdisciplinary perspective. Recommendations are made where research is required to address key knowledge gaps.     

北京郊区发展劳动力密集型产业的分析

21世纪初的北京郊区已不适合大力发展劳动力密集型工业,只适合有条件地为社会稳定和安排就业保留部分劳动力密集型工业.北京郊区应大力发展资金、技术密集型工业和劳动力密集型的服务业.