FRACTAL DIMENSION AND DAYLIGHT INVESTIGATION

In this paper,we analyse the alylight with chaos method, and calculate the day-light illuminance fractal dimension in many kinds of sky, it proves the optical air is a chaos, and shows us the new way to study the sky Iuminance distributions.     

田块尺度土壤入渗特性空间变异研究

土壤入渗特性是田块尺度参数估值的重要基础。该文以陕西省杨凌区一级阶地砂壤土和三级阶地粘壤土所选典型田块的双环入渗试验为基础,分析了归一化因子在单一尺度和多尺度上的分形特征,并在此基础上建立了估算归一化因子的土壤转换函数。结果表明:对于修正Kostiakov公式所采用的归一化处理方法是可行的,可较好地预测典型田块各测点的土壤入渗过程;在单一尺度上,一级阶地和三级阶地所选典型田块的归一化因子最优半方差函数均为球状模型,其分形维数分别为1.796和1.840;在多尺度上,一级阶地典型田块归一化因子的空间变异受粉粒含量、砂粒含量和土壤容重的影响显著,三级阶地典型田块归一化因子的空间变异与黏粒含量、粉粒含量、砂粒含量和土壤初始含水率相关程度最高(显著性水平0.01);估算归一化因子的土壤转换函数具有较高的精度和可靠性,其一级阶地和三级阶地典型田块验证样本归一化因子的实测值与估算值相对误差绝对值均值分别为13.15%和9.95%。研究结果可较好地解决田块尺度内土壤入渗点面转换及入渗参数难以取得的问题。     

Neutral models for the analysis of broad-scale landscape pattern

The relationship between a landscape process and observed patterns can be rigorously tested only if the expected pattern in the absence of the process is known. We used methods derived from percolation theory to construct neutral landscape models,i.e., models lacking effects due to topography, contagion, disturbance history, and related ecological processes. This paper analyzes the patterns generated by these models, and compares the results with observed landscape patterns. The analysis shows that number, size, and shape of patches changes as a function of p, the fraction of the landscape occupied by the habitat type of interest, and m, the linear dimension of the map. The adaptation of percolation theory to finite scales provides a baseline for statistical comparison with landscape data. When USGS land use data (LUDA) maps are compared to random maps produced by percolation models, significant differences in the number, size distribution, and the area/perimeter (fractal dimension) indices of patches were found. These results make it possible to define the appropriate scales at which disturbance and landscape processes interact to affect landscape patterns.     

Scaling of ‘landscapes’ in landscape ecology,or, landscape ecology from a beetle's perspective

Research performed on microlandscapes embodies the essence of landscape ecology by focusing on the ecological consequences of the mosaic structure of different landscape elements. As an illustration, observations and simulations were used to test whether the fractal structure of grassland microlandscapes affected the movement patterns of tenebrionid beeetles in natural environments. The significant tendency of beetles to avoid 1 m² cells with fractal dimensions of 1.85 to 1.89 (indicating the area-filling tendency of bare ground) demonstrated the role of landscape structure as a modifier of beetle movements or diffusion in heterogeneous landscapes. Experiments in microlandscapes may accelerate the development of quantitative conceptual frameworks applicable to landscapes at all scales.     

冻融期积雪覆盖下土壤水热交互效应

为了研究季节性冻土区土壤水热时空分异特征,揭示冻融过程中的水热相互作用机理及其复杂性。在松嫩平原黑土区,以野外实测试验数据为基础,分别建立裸地、自然降雪、积雪压实和积雪加厚覆盖处理条件下20 cm土层土壤含水率和温度的耦合模型,并通过对比模型的预测效果研究土壤水热变化的复杂程度,采用差异性分析和基于小波变换的分形理论方法定量研究含水率与温度序列的变异波动性和分维指标,进而验证不同覆盖处理条件对于土壤水热空间变异复杂性的影响。结果表明:冻结期,积雪阻碍了环境因素对于土壤水热迁移过程的影响,土壤含水率和温度的耦合效果较好,并且预测值与实测值能够较好的吻合,裸地、自然降雪、积雪压实、积雪加厚处理条件下的相对误差分别为0.42%、0.31%、0.13%和0.06%,随着积雪厚度的增加和密度的增大,含水率和温度的差异性减弱,复杂程度逐渐降低;融化期,积雪覆盖区的融雪水入渗抑制了土壤温度稳定提升,含水率出现骤然升高的现象,自然降雪、积雪压实、积雪加厚条件下的含水率变化分别为14.31%、15.90%和16.91%,土壤温度变化范围分别为-5.9~5.3、-3.6~6.9和-3.1~3.8℃,二者的互作效应减弱,并且随着积雪覆盖量的增加,土壤的水热时空迁移复杂程度逐渐增强。同时,采用基于小波变换的分形理论研究土壤含水率和温度的时间序列复杂性精度较高、结果可靠。该研究对于揭示冻土区土壤水热迁移动态规律,准确预测春播期土壤温度和墒情,合理高效地利用松嫩平原的土壤水资源具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。     

基于关联维数的内燃机故障诊断系统的研究

内燃机工作状态的正常与否直接关系到整个系统的安全性和可靠性,对内燃机的燃气系统进行快速无拆卸故障诊断在生产实际中具有重要意义。采用美国NI公司虚拟仪器开发平台LabVIEW,组建了一套基于关联维数的内燃机状态监测与故障诊断系统。用490BPG发动机分别在怠速、1 200 r/min2、400 r/min无负荷时进行了测试,结果表明:缸盖振动信号在正常工况时的关联维数最高,漏气故障的关联维数次之,断油故障的关联维数最低,且不同工况下的关联维数区分显著。该系统以关联维数作为特征参量,能快速准确地对内燃机的工作状况进行连续、在线监测与故障分类。     

基于多尺度分形特征的ETM+影像耕地提取

耕地是重要的农业资源,如何利用经济可行的遥感技术快速准确地提取耕地已成为研究的热点和难点。以北京密云县为研究区,建立了基于多尺度分形特征的ETM+遥感影像提取耕地的方法：将计算表面分形维的双层地毯法用于计算每一个像元的上分形信号和下分形信号,并对上分形信号和下分形信号进行耕地特征分析;选用下分形信号的第3尺度和第4尺度做差值处理进一步增强耕地信息,利用简单的图像分割提取出密云县耕地信息的空间分布;基于ArcGIS的空间分析利用密云县同期的土地利用现状图进行耕地信息提取精度评价。结果表明,全县耕地总面积精度达到91.0%,全县耕地点位匹配精度达71.8%;耕地中的旱地提取精度较差,而耕地中的水浇地和菜地提取精度较高,点位匹配精度可以达到86.6%。该方法可快速有效地提取出耕地信息,也可供以后耕地信息的相关研究参考。     

Application of Fractals in Architectural Shape Design

A computer aided method for architectural shape design was developed based on the L systems algorithm, the shape grammar and the space surface equation theory. Various 3D entities such as building grounds, building walls and building domes with fractal characteristics could be generated in a short time by using the computer program. These generative 3D entities were saved in a component database which could help to accumulate design knowledge through continuous expansion. A building could successfully be formed by the designers through selecting proper building grounds, walls and domes from this database. The effectiveness of the proposed method was approved with a case study.     

Analysis of historic landscape patterns with a Geographical Information System — a methodological outline

Various methods for storing, retrieving, and analyzing historic land use records by means of electronic data processing are evaluated. The procedures are illustrated with data from a pilot study on the Swiss Plateau which is part of a broader landscape historical monitoring program at the Swiss Federal Institute of Forest, Snow and Landscape Research. The land use matrix was derived from topographic maps, aerial photographs and other land use records and spans approximately 100 yrs with an updating cycle of 7 to 20 yrs. A special technique was developed to generate series of digital maps and to superimpose the data layers of various time steps. Each landscape element is described with time-stamped attributes to ensure access to the entire life history from any point in space or time. The proposed data model proved to be a powerful tool for routine updating of digital maps. It can be used by practitioners as well as scientists working with Geographical Information Systems (ARC/INFO or similar package). With this procedure, disturbance maps over any number of available updates can be quickly generated, allowing the user to identify zones of similar degrading or upgrading tendency. The procedures for analyzing changing landscape structures include calculation of information theoretic indices (diversity, dominance), calculation of fractals, edge analysis, as well as landscape assessment along random traverses. The latter proved to be especially powerful, where barrier/habitat frequencies were evaluated. On the basis of all parameters calculated, landscape structures on the study plot seem to be ecologically most favorable in the 1930's followed by a strong degradation in the World War II - and the post-World War II period. In contrast to many hypotheses, the landscape structures in the second half of the 19th century were structurally less favorable than between 1900 and 1930.