Spatial variability of chemical attributes of the soil,plant and yield in a pear orchard

For fruiting trees, fertilization is usually recommended based on the analyses of soil and leaves, adopting a standard value for the whole orchard. This management can lead to undesirable imbalances to the plants and local agroecosystem. Thus, this trial aimed at mapping the spatial variability of properties of soil, plant and yield in a commercial area of pears production and investigating the yield response to a distinguished fertilization. The trial was carried out in Nova Laranjeiras, Paraná, where 36 trees were selected to receive conventional fertilization (CF) and other 36 trees received a site-specific fertilization (SSF). All variables (chemical and physical attributes of soil, leaf tissue, and yield) showed some spatial dependence. For all years, yield variability was considered very high. The yield of SSF system was slightly higher (2,625 kg ha^?1) and took up a larger area (59%) when compared to SF system (2,548 kg ha^?1 at 41% area).     

基于知识图谱的中国崩岗研究现状及综合分析

崩岗是一种发育在中国南方低山丘陵地区的水土流失地貌类型,侵蚀量巨大,危害严重.为回顾半个世纪以来中国崩岗研究的发展历程,以中国知网(CNKI)数据库为数据源,统计分析1966-2016年间以“崩岗”为主题的文献数量、时间分布及载文期刊情况,基于CiteSpace对崩岗研究知识图谱进行可视化挖掘与分析,识别出核心作者群、主要研究机构及高频关键词.研究结果表明:1)半个世纪以来中国崩岗研究的论文数量整体呈现区间波动增长的态势.2)载文期刊以水土保持学科为主,学科交叉研究有待加强;期刊影响因子总体偏低,反映崩岗研究水平有待提高.3)研究机构之间学术交流较少,科研实力差异显著,有待加强交流合作,实现共同发展.4)中国崩岗研究主要围绕“崩岗”“崩岗侵蚀”“土壤侵蚀”“水土流失”“坡面”“风化壳”等展开,“崩积体”和土体“抗剪强度”是近年来崩岗研究的热点.崩岗研究产出论文大部分与防控治理措施有关,定量研究较少.研究结果有助于科研工作者对中国崩岗研究历史与现状有较全面、客观、准确的认识,从而更好地精炼研究方向,为崩岗的后续研究提供更深入具体的指导.     

基于网络的友谊农场土壤养分含量分布专题图的设计

根据黑龙江省友谊农场农业信息化建设的需求,设计开发了基于网络的友谊农场土壤养分含量分布专题图。使农场各级管理人员能通过互联网方便地对农田的地理位置、地块名、管理区位置、公路,尤其是各管理区土壤养分含量分布等信息进行浏览查询。本文对系统开发中高精度卫星遥感图的利用、图像矢量化、建立属性数据库、系统信息发布和土壤养分含量分布专题图的设计进行了论述。     

产量图分析技术与系统设计研究

产量影响因子分析是精准农业变量作业的重要前提,是产量、土壤、环境信息转化为变量作业决策不可逾越的重要环节。本研究阐述了国内外产量影响因子分析中的常用方法和相关软件,并对产量图分析系统进行了系统流程和功能模块设计。     

Validation of topsoil texture derived from agricultural soil maps by current dense soil sampling

Agricultural soil maps were created to facilitate the management of fields. Such maps, at very large scale (1:5000), cover almost the entire agricultural land in Poland. These maps can be very useful for precision field management. However, they were prepared about 40–50 years ago using old mapping techniques with mainly field (organoleptic) examination of soil. For this reason it is necessary to verify agreement between such maps with the current soil status. In the case of detection of disagreements it is important to identify the causes and propose methods for improving soil maps. Only few studies were made in this aspect. The soil texture (ST) of the upper layer, as presented on the agricultural soil maps from the 1960s and 1970s, was compared with the actual ST of the same four fields in northern and central Poland. For laboratory ST determination, soil samples were collected in a dense sampling network. On average, the agreement of the ST presented on the agricultural soil maps and determined in this study was classified as medium for three fields and good for one field. However, the presence of field areas with poor agreement between the ST determined in this study and that shown on the agricultural maps was detected in all investigated fields. Identified causes for this comprised imprecision of ST determination using the organoleptic method, the generalization of the soil quality maps, and erosion processes during the years between soil mapping and this investigation. The improvement of ST presentation on the large scale soil maps might be achieved by quite denser soil sampling for ST analysis supported by ECa, yield and NDVI maps.     

S‐World: A Global Soil Map for Environmental Modelling

The research community increasingly analyses global environmental problems like climate change and desertification with models. These global environmental modelling studies require global, high resolution, spatially exhaustive, and quantitative data describing the soil profile. This study aimed to develop a pedological approach that takes stock of available legacy and auxiliary data to create a global, 30 arc second soil property database for modelling. The methodology uses the Harmonized World Soil Database and the ISRIC‐WISE 3.1 soil profile database. Auxiliary information at 30 arc second resolution for various landscape properties is used to describe the variation in landscape properties (temperature and precipitation, topography, elevation, land use, and land cover). Complex mapping units of the HWSD were first disaggregated using a digital elevation model and toposequences to generate delineated areas described by a single soil type. Secondly, ranges of soil properties per soil type were determined using the soil profile data. Then a meta‐analysis on a broad literature survey was used to develop a simple model that, based on landscape properties at a particular location, determines the position within these ranges and thus provides an estimation of the local soil properties. Finally, the model was implemented at the global level to determine the distribution of soil properties. The methodology, denominated S‐World (Soils of the world) resulted in readily available, high resolution, global soil property maps that are now available for environmental modelling. © 2016 The Authors Journal of Behavioral Decision Making Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

Using mental models to understand soil management

Soil degradation continues to be a serious issue. This is partially due to the specific characteristics of soil and degradation, many of which are linked to how humans perceive their environment. How a person perceives soil degradation will influence how they interpret this phenomenon, what attitude they adopt towards it, and how they will ultimately decide to act. Mental models are understood as constructed by the human mind as a result of perception, experience, attitudes and knowledge, and the comprehension of discourse. Applying the concept of mental models allows an understanding of land manager decision‐making with regard to soil management, linking perceptions, attitudes and beliefs with behaviour. We show how mental models can help identify consistencies and differences of perceptions of different soil‐related stakeholders, such as farmers, scientists, administrators, advisors and policy makers. In a practical test of the concept, a diagram‐based representation of mental models was applied in south‐western Spain. We found that the occurrences of overlap in the mental model of soil‐related stakeholders are the areas where communication should focus. It is in these areas where strategies to address the problem of soil degradation can be developed.     

AgMaps: A Partnership Between Cornell University's Mann Library,New York County Extension Offices and the National Agricultural Statistics Service of the USDA

ABSTRACT

AgMaps is a system that allows Mann Library to distribute customized numeric data sets and thematic maps over the Web. To further the efforts of the AgMaps project, Mann Library is actively engaging in intellectual and financial collaboration with three New York County Extension offices, Cornell Cooperative Extension, Cornell faculty, and the National Agricultural Statistical Service of the USDA. After a brief discussion of the need for GIS and AgMaps in particular, this paper focuses on the roles each agency played in the process of creating AgMaps, describes the partnerships, highlights a user study employed for the interface design and presents AgMaps and some of its features.     

基于地图直接对比的土壤空间表达尺度效应研究——以封丘土壤属性制图为例

将封丘县3 608个土壤样点分为3 463和145个点,分别构成制图数据总集和验证数据总集,再从制图数据总集中通过4%～96%的多尺度随机抽样,构成17个制图子集。分别按Kriging、IDW和以点代面法对土壤有机质、有效磷和速效钾进行预测制图,基于地图直接对比计算制图子集和制图数据总集制图结果的相关系数以评价土壤属性图变化的尺度效应,并与验证数据集评价的多尺度制图结果进行了对比。最后,采用多子集制图结果的变异系数指示多尺度地图表达的不确定性,并将其与基于Kriging估值方差及随机模拟的不确定性表达进行了对比。研究表明,基于地图直接对比可发现,制图效果与样本数量具有显著的分形关系,且分形维数受制图方法和土壤属性空间可变性的双重影响:同样条件下以Kriging方法最小,而以点代面法最大;以土壤速效钾最小,而土壤有效磷最大。验证数据集实测值和估计值的相关系数及均方根误差没有表现预期的分形特征。Kriging估值方差及随机模拟表达的单一尺度制图不确定性明显受采样点分布与Kriging估值大小影响,而基于地图直接对比的多尺度制图的不确定性更客观地反映土壤自然变异,其中土壤有机质、土壤速效钾有较强规律可循,而土壤有效磷则没有规律。     

重庆市北碚区景观生态图的编制

景观生态图是以图形的方式客观而概括地反映自然景观生态类型的空间特征。以重庆市北碚区为研究区域,在对北碚区图件及其它资料的研究基础上,加上进一步的野外调查,借鉴前人研究景观生态制图的经验,以遥感影像和一些专题图件为基础数据源,以ArcGIS为平台,将两者有机结合起来,综合制成景观生态图。     

Using GIS to check co-ordinates of genebank accessions

The geographic co-ordinates of the locations where germplasm accessions have been collected are usually documented in genebank databases. However, the co-ordinate data are often incomplete and may contain errors. This paper describes procedures to check for errors, to determine the cause of these errors and to assign new co-ordinates, using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). These procedures can assist in improving the quality of genebank databases, and with that, increase the capability for analysis and use of crop genetic diversity.     

Small-scale plant species richness and evenness in semi-natural grasslands respond differently to habitat fragmentation

The study explores whether small-scale species diversity, species evenness and species richness in semi-natural grassland communities are similarly associated with present management regime and/or present and historical landscape context (percentage of different land-cover types in the surroundings). Species diversity, evenness and richness were recorded within 441 50 × 50 cm grassland plots in 4.5 × 4.5 km agricultural landscape on Öland, Sweden. Recent and historical land-cover maps (years 2004, 1959, 1938, 1835, and 1800) were used to characterize the present and past landscape context of the sampled vegetation plots. Partial regression and simultaneous autoregressive models were used to explore the relationships between species diversity measures (Shannon diversity, richness and evenness) and different explanatory variables while accounting for spatial autocorrelation in the data. The results indicated that species richness was relatively sensitive to grassland isolation, while the response of species evenness to isolation was characterized by a degree of inertia. Because the richness and evenness components of species diversity may respond differently to habitat fragmentation, we suggest that monitoring projects and empirical studies that focus on changes in biodiversity in semi-natural grasslands should include the assessment of species evenness - as a complement to the assessment of species richness. In addition, our results indicated that the development and persistence of a species-rich and even grassland vegetation was favoured in areas that have historically (in the 19th century) been surrounded by grasslands. Information on landscape history should, whenever possible, be incorporated into the planning of strategies for grassland conservation.     

A decision support framework for identifying soil constraints to the agricultural productivity of tropical upland soils

Sustainable agricultural systems are based on managing soils according to their capabilities and constraints. To facilitate the identification of constraints and appropriate management strategies for upland soils, a decision support framework ‘Soil Constraints and Management Package’ (SCAMP) has been developed. Basic soil data (both field and laboratory) are entered into an Access database and are processed to output reports that identify soil constraints to productivity and that tabulate appropriate management strategies. Where spatially referenced soil data are available, maps of constraints can be readily produced in a Geographic Information System. To demonstrate the ability of SCAMP to identify soil constraints at plot scale, it was applied to soil data sets from the two major soil types (Ferralsols and Acrisols) of Gia Lai Province, Vietnam. Phosphorus (P) fixation, aluminium toxicity and low cation exchange capacity (CEC) were identified as common constraints to productivity on Ferralsols, and low plant available water capacity, compaction and low K status as common constraints to productivity on Acrisols. Field experiments were undertaken on a Ferralsol and an Acrisol to assess management strategies for minimizing these constraints in the presence of adequate N, P and K. Maize (Zea mays) yields from the Ferralsol were increased by applying a plant amendment (Tithonia diversifolia) (selected to increase soil pH and decrease P fixation) and high activity clay (selected to increase CEC). Water‐soluble P fertiliser recovery was increased in this high P‐fixing soil by placing the fertiliser in a sub‐surface band. For the Acrisol, maize was grown in mounded rows and yields were maximized by applying a super‐absorbent material (selected to increase soil water holding capacity) or a high activity clay (selected to increase the low CEC of this soil). To demonstrate the usefulness of SCAMP on a catchment/regional scale, spatially referenced soil survey data of the Herbert River catchment, Queensland, Australia, were used to produce a map identifying areas of low pH, high acidification hazard and low CEC. These applications demonstrate the usefulness of SCAMP for linking soil data to management strategies for sustainable productivity at both plot and catchment scale.     

基于数据库驱动技术的土壤图注记自动配置系统的设计与实现

土壤注记是土壤图制图表达的重要内容,对于理解土壤的发生、分布具有重要意义。在基于全国第二次土壤普查资料进行大比例尺土壤图分幅制图过程中,若对拥有海量土壤空间信息的多分幅大比例尺土壤图实现注记表达,不可能再依赖于传统的制图方式生成注记。为了实现注记上图的自动化和以交互方式解决多个步骤判断问题,构建了土壤图注记自动配置系统。该系统采用图廓边界注记压盖检测与处理技术,解决了注记压盖图廓边界的问题;采用图层、分级码、要素对象的三级控制方法,实现了注记在图层级别上进行整个图层以及背景层注记的设置,在分级码级别上结合统计结果,实现了注记的条件判别与阈值过滤,在要素级别上实现了特殊要素注记的生成。基于数据库驱动技术并以人机交互的方式进行土壤图注记的自动化配置,实现了批量土壤图分幅注记的快速生成,不仅具有较强的灵活性,可适用于不同比例尺土壤图及其他类型地图的注记表达,而且大大提高了数据生产的效率和自动化处理程度。该研究为今后不同比例尺土壤图制图实现注记的自动化配置提供参考。     

利用烧失量方法精确测定土壤有机质

Wet oxidation procedure,i.e.,Walkley-Black (WB) method,is a routine,relatively accurate,and popular method for the determination of soil organic matter (SOM) but it is time-consuming,costly and also has a high potential to cause environmental pollution because of disposal of chromium and strong acids used in this analysis.Therefore,loss-on-ignition (LOI) procedure,a simple and cheap method for SOM estimation,which also avoids chromic acid wastes,deserves more attention.The aims of this research were to study the statistical relationships between SOM determined with the LOI (SOMLOI) and WB (SOMWB) methods to compare the spatial variability of SOM in two major plains,Shahrekord and Koohrang plains,of Chaharmahal-va-Bakhtiari Province,Iran.Fifty surface soil samples (0-25 cm) were randomly collected in each plain to determine SOM using the WB method and the LOI procedure at 300,360,400,500 and 550 ℃ for 2 h.The samples covered wide ranges of soil texture and calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE).The general linear form of the regression equation was calculated to estimate SOM LOI from SOM obtained by the WB method for both overall samples and individual plains.Forty soil samples were also randomly selected to compare the SOM and CCE before and after ignition at each temperature.Overall accuracy of the continuous maps generated for the LOI and WB methods was considered to determine the accordance of two procedures.Results showed a significant positive linear relationship between SOM LOI and SOM WB.Coefficients of determination (R2) of the equations for individual plains were higher than that of the overall equation.Coefficients of determination and line slopes decreased and root mean square error (RMSE) increased with increasing ignition temperature,which may be due to the mineral structural water loss and destruction of carbonates at higher temperatures.A temperature around 360 ℃ was identified as optimum as it burnt most organic carbon,destroyed less inorganic carbon,caused less clay structural water loss,and used less electrical energy.Although the trends of SOM in the kriged maps by the two procedures accorded well,low overall accuracy was observed for the maps obtained by the two methods.While not suitable for determination where high accuracy is required,determination of organic carbon through LOI is likely suitable for exploratory soil surveys where rough estimation of organic matter is required.     

基于人工神经网络的田间信息插值方法研究

提出了一种基于人工神经网络的田间信息插值新方法，并利用ArcView3.2软件绘制碱解氮的BP神经网络插值空间分布图和球状插值分布图，并对BP神经网络插值方法和克立格球状插值方法的结果进行了误差分析。结果表明，BP神经网络的插值方法优于克立格球状插值法，该方法有利于田间信息空间分布特性准确、直观的表达，有利于农田精确施肥、灌溉、播种等精细农业生产管理。     

Landscape history and soil properties affect grassland decline and plant species richness in rural landscapes

Past semi-natural grassland extent is thought to have a major influence on contemporary species richness in rural landscapes. The loss of grasslands over the last 300 years was reconstructed for 12 rural landscapes in Sweden, ranging from open modern agricultural landscapes to more forested landscapes. Old maps and aerial photographs from 1950s and today were used to reconstruct landscape patterns in four time-steps to investigate how present plant species richness relates to past grassland extent and decline in old and new grassland habitats. The relative importance of soil properties on the timing of grassland decline was assessed. Plant species occurrence was recorded in managed and abandoned grassland habitats in each landscape.Past and present grassland distribution was a major factor in determining plant species patterns found in grasslands today. All landscapes had an average of 80% grassland 300 years ago. Since then grassland has declined by 90% across all landscapes. Proportion of clay soils influenced the timing of grassland decline, where grasslands in landscapes dominated by clay soils were conversed to crop-fields more than 100 years ago. Grasslands on coarser soils declined later, primarily to forest. Landscapes with more than 10% semi-natural grassland left today had 50% higher species richness in all grasslands, including both abandoned and new grassland. Time since major grassland decline also seems to have an effect on the landscapes’ species richness. The results show that plant species patterns in grasslands at local scales are determined by broader landscape processes which may have occurred many centuries ago.