土壤制图中土壤类型配色模型构建与应用

在全国1∶5万土壤图集制图中,土壤类型的配色既需表现土类等高级类型的分布特征,也要表现土属等较低级类型的差别。我国土壤低级类型众多,且1∶5万基本比例尺图幅达2万余幅,采用传统人工设色方法进行土壤制图,不仅效率低,而且难以保持图幅间土壤颜色的协调一致性。针对这一技术难题,本研究采用图幅间相似配色方法和人机交互的设计思想,通过建立1个多层级管理色库、人工设置土壤类型的Q配色单元及其多个近似色系(色组),建立了Q配色单元的避让选色和区域土壤特征分析等5个组件模型,构建了土壤类型配色模型(SCO-Model)。该模型在大比例尺土壤制图中不仅反映了区域土壤的总体分布特征,也表达了土壤类型间的差异,特别是实现了大比例尺土壤制图中土壤类型的快速智能配色,大大提高了制图效率。     

不同比例尺农用地分等图件数据自动汇总技术研究

基于GIS手段，在农用地分等成果省级汇总过程中，从迅速实现半自动制图综合、部分关键参数和系数的获取，快速自动实现图层间图斑上下级关系索引、保持各农用地图层数据之间的等别不缺失等几个关键过程的技术层面对不同比例尺农用地分等成果汇总的快速自动实现方法进行研究。着重对最近邻法的原理与方法进行了阐述，并应用其对农用地图件进行了处理，实现只有少量人为参与的不同比例尺农用地分等图件图斑的计算机自动匹配过程。结果表明，研究成果可以在提高农用地图件自动综合处理能力、快速建立不同图层间图斑对应关系、各级别图件的等别序列一致性调整等方面工作朝着自动化流程处理、精确化表达的方向更进一步。     

中国小比例尺全国性土壤系列成图的研究现状及途径

随着土壤学各学科分支的深入研究和相互渗透,以及生产上的需要,小比例尺土壤专业图逐渐从30年代开始的单一的土壤图或士壤图及相应的少数性质图幅,发展到60年代结合国家自然地图集的任务编制土壤图组,80年代又进一步发展到运用系列成图的观点和方法编制中国土壤图集,这扩大了土壤制图的研究领域,使小比例尺土壤制图进入综合系列成图的新阶段。     

小比例尺土壤制图理论和方法的研究

本文对小比例尺土壤制图理论和方法进行了总结,认为土壤制图是研究和表达土壤在空间分布的群体结构形式。提出了土壤组合发生的制图原则,以及提高定量化程度的单区与复区并重的制图方式。论述了土壤制图单元的组成分、确定的根据、相应的分类级别;土壤制图单元系统的等级及其排列;土壤制图单元与土壤分类单元的关系和异同。概括了单区与复区两种图斑结构形式及其形成因素,提出首先将复区图斑划分为地形、母质、历史演化、耕作等成因系列,然后再根据土壤群体组成分间的发生联系,细分为许多成因类型的分类观点和实例。还阐述了图斑组合所显示的我国土壤分布的地理规律性。概述了制图综合在小比例尺土壤制图中的重要意义,综合概括的途径和注意事项。最后简述了小比例尺土壤制图的展望。     

土壤专题图中采样点点位标识模型的构建

采样点图在直观展示已采集样点分布同时,也为确定补充采样点的位置提供了参考。制图时,通常以采样点编码在地图图面标识各个采样点,但由于受空间地理位置影响,采样点标识常呈无序排列,当地图中采样点密度及地图幅面较大时,读图时难以查找目标采样点。为实现制图后的采样点标识呈有序排列,构建了"土壤专题图中采样点位标识模型(Soil Sampling Point Labeling Model for Thematic Soil Maps:SAMPLA)",该模型主要有读图视区划分模型;土壤采样点位归属读图视区判定模型;土壤采样点顺序标识模型等3个子模型组成。基于Arc GIS 10.0,采用C#语言进行计算机编程,实现了SAMPLA。用1∶50 000国家标准分幅和县级地图的土壤采样点对模型进行验证,验证结果表明,模型可适用于不同类型分幅地图、不同比例尺,有助于实现规范化、批量化制图,提高了读图效率;但是读图视区划分方案对标识结果有一定影响;其他行业专业领域,如环境科学、水科学、地质科学等在制作类似于土壤采样点的点位图层时也可采用此模型。     

Photoshop在水土保持制图中的应用

Photoshop软件应用广泛,操作简单实用,成图速度快,在水土保持制图中具有一定的实用性。利用Photoshop软件进行水土保持计算机辅助制图主要包括工作底图的准备、图纸的扫描与输入、图像的预处理、图例制作、小斑着色与注记、图幅整饰、文件的存储与输出等主要环节,制作过程中可应用图层、建立选区、颜色取样器、涂色、制作路径、添加文字等操作。     

CASS软件林业制图功能模块的设计与实现

为提高林业制图的快捷性与高效性,该文依据林业制图标准规范,建立林业图示符号库,并利用AutoCAD二次开发技术ObjectARX、C++语言对CASS软件开发集成林业制图功能模块,使其成为具有区划、填充、注记、属性编辑、查询、面积量测、面积平差、图幅整饰、打印输出为一体的林业制图软件,重点解决了数字林业制图在图形管理与可视化表达两方面很好结合的问题,满足林业制图快速、高效、简洁等要求,为数字林业制图探索一条新道路。     

南方1:100万土壤图的制图综合及编图资料的应用

1:100万土壤图是小比例尺土壤图,它要求能概括地反映土壤分布规律和区域分布特征,是编制全国或某一区域的农业区划,土地资源开发规划的重要资料。本文就编制上海幅1:100万土壤图有关制图综合及编图资料应用谈一点体会与浅见。     

卫星图象土壤类型自动识别与制图的研究——Ⅱ.自动识别结果的成图及其与常规土壤图的比较

自动识别的非监督和监督分类图(谱类图)变成正式土壤图的关键,是根据谱类的内在序列、聚类树系图、波段辐射曲线和地理控制系统,建立谱类与实际土壤类间的对应关系。然后在谱类图上勾绘地理控制线并进而勾绘土壤累线。再后调整纵横比例尺并转绘成正式的土壤图。把这样编出的土壤图与用常规方法编出的土壤图进行了比较。结论是以卫星遥感数据自动识别为基础,同时运用常规调查、编图资料进行分类制图的方法,是能够在中、小比例尺土壤分类制图的实践中加以采用的。     

浙江省1:5万大比例尺土壤数据库

以浙江省为例,探讨了省域大比例尺土壤数据库的构建方法,并结合第二次土壤普查资料,建立了浙江省1∶5万大比例尺土壤数据库,包括空间数据库、属性数据库和元数据三部分。自主研发的土壤界线自动识别和半自动识别技术的采用,显著提高了土壤图数字化的精度与效率;土壤数据库标准的制定保证了数据库建设的规范、有序;参考地形图、遥感影像等信息,对土壤图图面错误进行了拓扑学和土壤学修正,解决了原图中存在的土壤界线遗漏、界线不连续、图斑注记缺失等问题,显著提高了土壤图的质量;对县、区土壤普查分类、省普查汇总分类及国家标准分类的归属关系进行了整理,解决了原普查成果存在的"同土异名"和"异土同名"问题。建立的浙江省土壤空间数据库共划分156 581个土壤图斑,搜集整理土壤剖面2 677个,实现了全省土壤图的无缝拼接、空间与属性数据的关联,在一定程度上奠定了浙江省"数字土壤"的基础。此外,对已有研究成果的不足进行了讨论,指出了其改进的方向,期望在完善浙江省大比例尺土壤数据库的同时,也为其他省区的大比例尺土壤数据库构建工作提供参考。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.