除草剂减量施用对麦田杂草的防治效果及对叶绿素SPAD值的影响

探讨除草剂减施对麦田杂草的防治效果,以及对小麦生长过程中叶绿素SPAD值变化的影响。结果表明,药后45 d,10%苯磺隆WP 9.00 g/hm~2处理(减施60.00%)、10%苯磺隆WP 9.00 g/hm~2+5%(唑啉草酯+炔草酯)EC 30.00 g/hm~2处理(减施60.00%)、7%双氟·炔草酯OD 63.00 g/hm~2处理(减施25.00%)和28%唑草·苯磺隆WP 16.80 g/hm~2处理(减施33.33%)对麦田阔叶杂草的鲜质量防效分别为98.64%、98.99%、98.54%和98.68%,表明除草剂减量施用对麦田杂草仍具有较好的防效。施用除草剂后,小麦叶片叶绿素SPAD值呈现先下降再上升的趋势。药后3 d、5 d、7 d,28%唑草·苯磺隆WP 33.60 g/hm~2处理(增施33.33%)小麦叶片叶绿素SPAD值显著低于7%双氟·炔草酯OD 63.00 g/hm~2处理(减施25.00%)、10%苯磺隆WP 9.00 g/hm~2处理(减施60.00%)和空白对照(CK)的叶绿素SPAD值,低于其他处理的叶绿素SPAD值。     

Hyperspectral Models for Estimating SPAD Value of Cotton Leaves under Waterlogging Stress

[Object] To setup the hyperspectral sensing models for estimating SPAD value of cotton leaves under waterlogging stress. [Method] Irrigation and drainage controllable plots were introduced to simulate the waterlogging stress treatment in the flowering and boll forming stage, during which the change characteristics of the cotton leaf spectral reflectance and SPAD value were observed after 1 d, 3 d, 6 d, 9 d waterlogging, respectively. To find out the hyperspectral sensing models for estimating SPAD value of cotton leaves under waterlogging stress, the correlation and regression relationships between SPAD value and spectrum parameters were analyzed. [Result] (1) The SPAD value of the fourth cotton leaf from the top was significantly lower than control when suffers from waterlogging for 3 d, when waterlogged 9 d the SPAD value decreased by around 15% compared with the control. (2) The cotton suffering from waterlogged damage in the flowering and boll forming stage caused the reflection peak in green light wave band became steep, while the near infrared spectral reflectance increased, and caused the reduction of red absorption and red edge position "blue shifts", the red edge position drifts towards short wave with 4～5 nm when suffers from waterlogging for 9 d. With increase of the waterlogged days, the red edge slope and red edge area increased with a maximum value at 6 d of waterlogging, meanwhile, the skewness and kurtosis of red edge increased. (3) After waterlogging, the SPAD value of the fourth cotton leaf from the top (chlorophyll content) had a remarkable correlation with red edge slope(Dr), red edge position(λr), green peak reflection(Rg), green peak position(λg), red well position(λo), blue edge area(SDb), yellow edge skewness(Sy), yellow edge kurtosis(Ky), red edge skewness(Sr), red edge kurtosis(Kr), etc. An experience linear, polynomial and exponential models for estimating SPAD value had been built through using the Sy, Sr, Kr as independent variables, respectively, their determination coefficient (R²) were greater than 0.9, and the root mean square error (RMSE) were less than 1; and an experience binary linear regression equation for estimating SPAD value had been built through multivariate regression using the λg, SDr/SDb(VI3), Sb, Sy, Ky as independent variables, the R² was as high as 0.973, and the RMSE was 0.393. [Conclusion] The model can be remote sensing model used as estimating leaf SPAD of cotton value under waterlogging stress.     

甜瓜种质叶部SPAD值的变异分析

为了探讨不同甜瓜种质资源叶部SPAD值分布,以210份甜瓜种质为试材,分析了甜瓜开花期和坐果期叶部SPAD值的变异。结果表明,开花期叶部SPAD值野生甜瓜最大,其次为厚皮甜瓜、薄皮甜瓜;坐果期厚皮甜瓜叶部SPAD值最大,叶部SPAD值基本符合正态分布,属于数量性状。开花期与坐果期叶部SPAD值之间均呈极显著相关,叶部SPAD值随着叶位升高而增加,中部叶位L14的叶部SPAD值最大,且变异系数最小,可作为甜瓜叶部SPAD值的测定叶位。基于种质的SPAD值、种质类型及来源,210份甜瓜种质可聚为4类,各类SPAD值分布范围出现一定差异。研究结果可为甜瓜种质资源的评价利用提供参考依据。     

抽穗后遮荫对龙粳31产量及籽粒灌浆的影响

对水稻龙粳31抽穗后进行遮光处理,研究遮荫处理与未遮荫处理(CK)在产量及其构成、功能叶片的SPAD值和灌浆特性等方面的差异。结果表明:龙粳31抽穗后进行遮荫,主要影响千粒重和结实率两个产量因素,产量降低达到极显著水平;胁迫功能叶片SPAD值升高;遮光处理的强、弱势粒籽粒最大灌浆速率GR_(max)和平均灌浆速率GR_(mean)均低于对照。     

无损测技术在番茄营养诊断中的应用研究

为了实现番茄无损测试诊断的目标,利用叶绿素仪SPAD-502测定了番茄不同生育期成叶、新叶的SPAD读数值。结果表明:番茄无论新叶还是成叶全氮含量、叶绿素含量都与SPAD测定值有很好的相关性;随着施肥量的增加,番茄植株体内的叶绿素含量、全氮含量都在增加,番茄SPAD读数在逐渐的增大,番茄的维生素C含量呈上升趋势,在600kg/hm~2时,果实维生素C含量达到最大值,当施氮量为900kg/hm~2时,番茄体内的可溶性固形物达到了最大值。SPAD能够对番茄的营养状况作出诊断。     

基于随机森林回归算法的小麦叶片SPAD值遥感估算

使用机器学习中的随机森林(RF)回归算法构建小麦叶片SPAD值遥感反演模型。以2010—2013年江苏地区试验点稻茬小麦3个生育期(拔节、孕穗、开花)的叶片为材料,结合我国自主研发的环境减灾卫星HJ-1对研究区域进行同步监测,分析了各生育期叶片SPAD值与8种植被指数间的相关性;以0.01水平下显著相关的植被指数作为输入参数,使用RF回归算法构建了每个生育期的小麦SPAD反演算法模型,即RF-SPAD模型,以支持向量回归(SVR)和反向传播(BP)神经网络算法构建的SVR-SPAD模型和BP-SPAD模型作为比较模型,以R2和均方根误差(RMSE)为指标,分析了每个生育期3个模型的学习能力和回归预测能力,结果表明:RF-SPAD模型在3个生育期都表现出最强的学习能力,R2和RMSE在拔节期分别为0.89和1.54,孕穗期分别为0.85和1.49,开花期分别为0.80和1.71;RF-SPAD模型在3个生育期的回归预测能力都高于BP-SPAD模型,高于或接近于SVR-SPAD模型,R2和RMSE在拔节期分别为0.55和2.11,孕穗期分别为0.72和2.20,开花期分别为0.60和3.16。     

相对SPAD值用于不同品种夏玉米氮肥管理的研究

采用田间试验研究了不同氮肥处理、不同玉米品种及关键生育期间的SPAD值差异和基于相对SPAD阈值的氮肥管理对氮肥用量、子粒产量、氮肥利用率和土壤氮素变化的影响。结果表明,两品种玉米各关键生育期的SPAD值开始随施氮量的增加而显著增加,施氮量超过N 210 kg /hm2后不再显著增加;郑单958和冀农一号大喇叭口期的相对SPAD值与产量的关系符合线性加平台模型,其平台相对SPAD值分别为0.976和0.981;两玉米品种和不同生育期间的绝对SPAD值差异显著,利用相对SPAD值可消除品种和生育期间的SPAD值差异。玉米关键生育期追肥量和总施氮量均随预设相对SPAD阈值的增加而增加,基于相对SPAD阈值的氮肥管理能在保持高产的同时较农民习惯施肥显著降低氮肥用量、田间氮素表观损失和收获后土壤无机氮残留、提高氮肥利用率;本试验条件下,保持玉米高产高效的适宜相对SPAD阈值为0.95～0.98,此阈值管理下,郑单958和冀农一号的产量较农民习惯施肥没有降低,而氮肥用量降低了42%,氮肥回收利用率和农学效率分别增加了18.6、20.0个百分点和6.0、6.5 kg/kg。     

不同铵硝比营养液对生菜生长发育影响的研究

氮素是作物生长所必需的营养元素之一。在一般情况下，作物能够吸收利用的氮素形态有多种。但从营养学角度来说，植物生长的主要氮源为NH4^＋-N和NO3^-—N。由于作物本身遗传特性和营养特点以及环境条件的差异，作物对NH4^＋-N和NO3^--N的吸收利用和适宜性也有不同。对蔬菜作物来说，     

Continuous Monitoring of Visible and Near-Infrared Band Reflectance from a Rice Paddy for Determining Nitrogen Uptake Using Digital Cameras

Abstract

A two-band digital imaging system —one band for the visible red band (RED, 630?670 nm) and the other for the near infrared band (NIR, 820?900 nm)— was devised and positioned at a height of 12 m above a rice field of 300 m² in area during the 2007 growing season. The imaging system automatically logged bird’seye view images at 10-min intervals from 0800?1600 every day. Radiometric corrections for the pairs of two-band images were done using solar irradiance sensors and preceding calibrations to calculate daily band-reflectance and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values for 9 plots of rice plants, with 3 levels of planting density and basal fertilization. The daily- averaged reflectance values in the RED and the NIR bands showed different but smooth seasonal changing patterns according to the growth of plants. At the maximum tiller number and the panicle formation stages, the RED and NIR reflectance values had correlation coefficients (r) of 0.79 and 0.81 with above-ground nitrogen absorption per unit land area (NA, g m-²), respectively, whereas the NDVI using the two band reflectance values showed r-value of -0.13. An empirically derived equation for the NA using two band reflectance values showed r-value of 0.96 and a root mean square of error (RMSE) 0.5 g m^–2 (10% of the mean observed NA) in the estimation for the original (not validated) data set acquired at the maximum tiller number and the panicle formation stages. The results indicated that reflectance observation in the RED and NIR bands using the digital imaging system was potentially effective for assessing rice growth.     

模拟氮沉降对一年生香椿幼苗生长和光合特性的影响

为研究氮沉降对一年生香椿(Toonasinensis)幼苗夏季生长以及光合特性的影响,通过在夏季模拟氮沉降控制试验,以尿素为氮源供体,设置0kg(N)×hm~(-2)×a~(-1)(CK)、20kg(N)×hm~(-2)×a~(-1)、40kg(N)×hm~(-2)×a~(-1)、80kg(N)×hm~(-2)×a~(-1)、120 kg(N)×hm~(-2)×a~(-1)、180 kg(N)×hm~(-2)×a~(-1)不同氮添加水平以模拟氮沉降,对香椿幼苗地径、苗高、生物量及其分配和光合作用等进行研究。结果表明:1)不同氮添加量均促进了香椿幼苗地径、苗高和生物量的增加,地径、苗高和生物量均以氮添加水平180kg(N)×hm~(-2)×a~(-1)下最高,分别较CK高42.5%、64.4%和304.9%,且生物量向根、叶分配较多; 2)香椿幼苗叶片相对叶绿素含量(SPAD)随氮添加水平的增加而增加,在180 kg(N)×hm~(-2)×a~(-1)下最高,较CK增加73.9%;3)香椿幼苗表观量子效率(AQY)、最大净光合速率(Pnmax)、光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点(LCP)以及暗呼吸速率(Rd)随氮添加水平的增加均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,其中LCP以80 kg(N)×hm~(-2)×a~(-1)下最高, AQY、Pnmax、LSP和Rd均以120kg(N)×hm~(-2)×a~(-1)下最高。结果表明,适量氮沉降能够促进香椿幼苗生长和光合能力的提高,但更高水平的氮沉降可能对香椿幼苗产生一定抑制作用。