X波段双偏振多普勒雷达降水观测

以X波段双偏振雷达的多种参数为依据，综合使用雷达及相关雨量站的降水观测资料，从基本组成及雷达工作方式2 个方面简述了X波段双偏振多普勒雷达，并针对2014 年8 月9 日内蒙古地区的一次对流性降水天气过程，着重分析X波段双偏振多普勒雷达降水观测。结果表明：（1）在流性雷暴云降水过程中，大部分冰晶类将会在6~8 km融化为小雨滴，或以冻滴的形式存在；（2）强雷暴云天气发生时，在强雷暴云中上层的存在大部分的小粒子，并无大量的水成物粒子存在。该研究不仅能够探索雷达对降水进行定量估测的能力，还能够通过提升X波段双偏振雷达降水观测的适用性，以期为今后X波段双偏振多普勒雷达在降水观测中的应用提出一定的参考依据。     

Solution the Polarization Field Strength inside Ellipsoid in a Homogeneous Dielectric

The solution of polarization field strength in ellipsoid and a homogeneous dielectric in condition of a constant external field is obtained with strict derivation and ellipsoidal coordinate. The conclusion that some textbooks given: the direction of polarization field strength with the direction of external field holds strict anti-parallel must be supplemented with additive certain conditions, otherwise it will not be correct. By means of the latticework and the step change calculation, the angle value of polarization vector with the external field is calculated and the changing situation about the angle value with the change of three half axes of ellipsoid is analysied.     

极化型静电分级机设计理论

通过极化型静电分级机的结构介绍及种子在静电场中的运动学特性分析,提出了有关种子和静电场的假说,建立了种子在静电场中的运动方程。通过对种子在静电场中的运动特性研究,发现种子的极化力质比是影响极化型静电分级机分离质量的重要因素,是设计极化型静电分级机的关键参数;应通过大量的试验来建立种子极化力质比数据库,满足极化型静电分级机设计的需求。     

The Effects of Growth Factor on Testicular Germ Cell Apoptosis in the Stallion

Apoptosis is necessary for both initiation and control of spermatogenesis; however, an increase in apoptosis can lead to subfertility/infertility in stallions, causing substantial financial loss in the equine industry. The ability of stem cell factor (SCF), leukemia-inhibiting factor (LIF), granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and estradiol (E₂), alone or in combination, to prevent apoptosis of germ cells in short-term equine testicular cultures was examined. Testicular tissue was sectioned into approximately 2-mm cubes and placed in media-filled culture chambers. Concentrations of SCF (100 ng/mL), LIF (10 ng/mL), GM-CSF (5 ng/mL), and E₂ (10⁻⁹ mol/l) were added alone or in combination to each well. After 6 hours in culture, the tissue was fixed and immunohistochemically (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick-end labeling; TUNEL) stained for apoptosis detection. Apoptotic cells per 100 Sertoli cell nuclei within seminiferous tubules were counted until the 500^th Sertoli cell nuclei was reached. This counting procedure was used for each slide. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a Tukey's test was used to compare apoptotic rates. In comparison with the control, GM-CSF alone lowered apoptosis by 34.77%. GM-CSF–treated tissue combined with SCF and LIF as well as GM-CSF combined with SCF, LIF, and E₂ reduced apoptosis when compared with the control (37.45% and 44.40%, respectively) or other treatment combinations. GM-CSF alone reduced apoptosis; results suggest possible synergy for the combinations of SCF and LIF with GM-CSF and for E₂ with SCF, LIF, and GM-CSF.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒感染对猪肺泡巨噬细胞外源性抗原加工递呈相关分子和共刺激分子的影响

采用定量竞争PCR技术对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）感染后不同时相猪肺泡巨噬细胞（PAM）中外源性抗原加工递呈相关分子SLA-DR、Ii链和SLA-DM分子及共刺激分子CD40、CD80、CD86的mRNA转录动态进行了定量检测。结果表明,PRRSV感染后PAM的SLA-DR mRNA转录水平在3、7和14 d下调,低于对照组;感染后3 d,Ii链、SLA-DM和CD40的mRNA转录水平极显著下调（P〈0.01）;CD80和CD86mRNA转录水平也在感染后3 d明显下调（P〈0.05）。用流式细胞术检测PAM表面的SLA-DR抗原的结果表明,在感染后3 d短暂上升,7 d之后一直低于对照组。由此说明,PRRSV感染早期对猪肺泡巨噬细胞的外源性抗原加工和递呈功能产生显著影响,导致其外源性抗原递呈功能下降,进而影响机体的体液免疫应答。     

Interleukin 1, a mediator of immunoadjuvant peptidoglycans

Bacterial peptidoglycans and the synthetic analog muramyl dipeptide possess various immunomodulating properties (adjuvant effect, increase of resistance to infectious agents and to tumor growth). They are able to induce B cell activation and to stimulate macrophages to produce monokines such as Interleukin 1 (IL 1). IL 1 plays an essential role in immune response. It promotes thymocytes maturation and Interleukin 2 secretion by antigen sensitive T cells, which in turn triggers regulatory T cells. Moreover, it is involved in the proliferation and differentiation of B cells.

There is a correlation between the immunoenhancing effect of PG of a definite structure and their ability to induce IL 1 secretion. Non-adjuvant PG were inactive. This suggests that one of the major mechanisms of action of adjuvant PG could be the stimulation of IL 1 synthesis.     

草地反射太阳光偏振特性测量个例分析

本文在中国科学院植的研究所岩石草原定位研究站对羊草和苔草样方进行太阳反射光偏振特性的测量。     

虚拟社区中的网络政治参与的“群体极化”

随着网络技术的飞速发展，虚拟社区已经成为一种人类的“另类空间”，为人类提供一个崭新的交流平台和交往环境。而由于网络的固有的特性，使得网民参与政治以群体主体的形式出现，并且在网络政治参与中表现出“群体极化”现象。群体极化对我国的政治文明建设具有双重影响，全面评价群体极化的影响，探索造成群体极化的深层原因，是引导网络政治群体理性参与政治的基础。引导网络政治群体参与政治，防范群体极化，必须采取综合的措施。