A comparison of three combinations of injectable anesthetics in miniature donkeys

Objective To compare three combinations of injectable anesthetics in miniature donkeys for quality of induction, recovery, muscle relaxation, cardiopulmonary changes during anesthesia and duration of recumbency. Design Prospective, randomized experimental study. Animals Six miniature donkeys (< 90 cm in height at the withers) weighing 92–127 kg were used. Materials and methods The drug combinations were: xylazine?butorphanol?ketamine (XBK), xylazine?butorphanol?tiletamine?zolazepam (XBT) and xylazine?propofol (XP). Each miniature donkey was anesthetized with each combination at 1‐week intervals in random order. Heart and respiratory rates, indirect blood pressure and temperature were measured before and at 5‐minute intervals during recumbency. Arterial blood samples were drawn for blood‐gas analysis before and at 5, 15 and 30 minutes of anesthesia when samples could be collected. Recumbency time to sternal and time to standing were recorded and a subjective evaluation of induction, muscle relaxation and recovery were made. Results Mean recumbency time ± SD was 14.7 ± 9.4, 33.8 ± 6.3 and 14.6 ± 1.9 minutes with XBK, XBT and XP, respectively. Mean time to standing ± SD was 28.4 ± 11.3, 43.7 ± 7.2 and 26.3 ± 2.9 minutes with XBK, XBT and XP, respectively. Heart and respiratory rates and blood pressures varied from baseline but were always within normal ranges. Hemoglobin saturation, pH and PaO₂ tended to be lower with these doses of XBT and XP. Conclusions and clinical relevance Overall quality of anesthesia was poor with XBK. At the doses used this combination did not provide sufficient anesthesia compared with the combinations of XBT and XP, which appeared to provide acceptable anesthesia of short duration in miniature donkeys.     

Epidemiological observations on stomach worms of donkeys in Morocco

Over two consecutive years, weekly examinations for the presence of nematodes were conducted on 185 stomachs from donkeys originating mainly from the Rabat, Casablanca and Settat regions of Morocco. All the animals, except one, were infected by at least one of four helminth species.Trichostrongylus axei was found in 93.5%,Habronema muscae in 89.7%,H. majus in 85.4% andDraschia megastoma in 1.1% of donkeys. Most animals were infected by two (23.8%) or three (71.9%) species. High burdens ofT. axei were observed in the winter of both years and in the mid-summer of the second year. Peak burdens ofHabronema were found at various times throughout both years. There were more adultH. majus thanH. muscae. The periods of peak levels of infection by these parasites were related to environmental conditions suitable for the development and survival of infective larvae ofT. axei and for the build-up of muscid fly vectors ofHabronema andDraschia spp.     

饲粮能量水平对德州驴生长性能、营养物质消化率及血清生化指标的影响

本研究旨在探讨饲粮能量水平对德州驴生长性能、营养物质消化率及血清生化指标的影响.试验选用健康的7～8月龄德州公驴36头,体重(123.9±5.0)kg,随机分为3个组,每组3个重复,每个重复4头驴.各组饲粮消化能水平分别为10.43(低能组)、11.03(中能组)和11.90 MJ/kg(高能组),粗蛋白质水平相近.预...     

饲喂方式对德州驴生长性能、营养物质消化率和盲肠微生物多样性的影响

本试验旨在研究饲喂方式对德州驴生长性能、营养物质消化率和盲肠微生物多样性的影响。选择体重[(215±10)kg]相近、2周岁左右的健康德州公驴15头,随机分为C1组(饲喂方式为先粗后精)、C2组(饲喂方式为先精后粗)、C3组[饲喂方式为全混合日粮(TMR)],每组5头,预试期7 d,正试期75 d。结果显示:1)C2组平均日增重极显著高于C1和C3组(P≤0.01),C1组干物质和酸性洗涤纤维消化率以C1组最高,C3组次之,C2组最低,C1组与C2组间存在显著差异(P≤0.05)。2)饲喂方式对德州驴盲肠微生物组成有一定影响。在门水平上,各组盲肠微生物均以厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)为主(二者占比>75%),其次为螺旋体菌门(Spirochaetes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和纤维杆菌门(Fibrobacteres),且C2组厚壁菌门相对丰度高于C1组和C3组;在属水平上,将401个属中相对丰度低于1%的属聚为其他(占比>75%)后,各组均以其他为优势菌属;随后,C1组以螺旋体科未定义属(unidenti⁃fied⁃Spirochaetaceae)和厌氧孤菌属(Anaerovirbrio)为主,C2组以厌氧孤菌属、链球菌属(Strepto⁃coccus)和螺旋体科未定义属为主,C3组则以乳酸杆菌属(Lactobacillus)和螺旋体科未定义属为主。3)通过UPGMAA聚类树、主成分分析和物种差异性分析发现,3组德州驴盲肠微生物组成不同,且C2组与其他2组差别较大,C1组和C3组可聚为一类。综上可知,饲喂方式可极显著影响德州驴的平均日增重,显著影响干物质和酸性洗涤纤维消化率,并可改变盲肠微生物组成。     

Comparative analgesic and sedative effects of tramadol,tramadol‐lidocaine and lidocaine for caudal epidural analgesia in donkeys (Equus asinus)

ObjectiveTo compare anti-nociceptive and sedative effects of tramadol, a combination of tramadol-lidocaine, and lidocaine alone for perineal analgesia in donkeys.Study designExperimental ‘blinded’ randomized cross-over study.AnimalsSix healthy adult donkeys.MethodsTreatments were tramadol (TR) (1.0 mg kg⁻¹), tramadol-lidocaine (TRLD) (0.5 and 0.2 mg kg⁻¹ respectively) and lidocaine (LD) (0.4 mg kg⁻¹) given into the epidural space. The volume of all treatments was 0.02 mL kg⁻¹. Nociception was tested at the perineal region by pin prick, followed, if no reaction, by pressure from a haemostat clamp. Times to onset, degree and duration of anti-nociception of the perineal region were recorded. Response was tested immediately after drug administration and at: 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes post-administration and then at 30 minute intervals thereafter until a response re-occurred. Physiologic data and degree of sedation and ataxia were recorded pre-administration and at intervals for 240 minutes post-administration. Results were analyzed using anova, Kruskal–Wallis tests, and Wilks’ Lambda test as relevant. Significance was taken as p < 0.05.ResultsTimes (minutes, mean ± SD) to onset and duration of anti-nociception, respectively were; TR 13 ± 1.6 and 220 ± 4.6; TRLD 6 ± 0.8 and 180 ± 8.5; LD 4 ± 1.4 and 75 ± 4. Onset and duration times were significantly longer with TR than the other two treatments. TR never produced complete anti-nociception, whereas the TRLD and LD induced complete anti-nociceptive effects. Duration was significantly longer with TRLD than with LD alone. Epidural injections of TR and TRLD induced mild sedation.Conclusions and clinical relevanceEpidural combination of TRLD produced an anti-nociceptive effect in the perineum, which was rapid in onset and had a longer duration of action than LD alone. An epidural single dose of TRLD combination would appear to provide an acceptable analgesic effect in the perineal region of donkeys.     

德州驴GDF10基因多态鉴定及其与生长性状的关联分析

[目的]研究将生长/分化因子-10(GDF10)作为候选基因,探讨其多态与不同性别的德州驴生长性状之间的关系.[方法]通过对440头德州驴进行多态检测,鉴定得到3个SNPs位点,并对SNP位点进行分型.利用SPSS 18.0软件分析3个SNPs位点的不同基因型与德州驴9个生长性状的关联分析.[结果]结果显示,3个位点均...