The effect of dietary supplementation with Aurantiochytrium limacinum on lactating dairy cows in terms of animal health,productivity and milk composition

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA )‐rich microalgae, Aurantiochytrium limacinum (AURA ), on a variety of health and productivity parameters in lactating cows. Twenty‐four cows were blocked by parity and number of days in milk and then randomly assigned to a control (CON ; n  = 12) group with no algal supplementation, or a treatment group (AURA ; n  = 12) provided with 100 g AURA  cow^?1 day^?1 or 16 g DHA  cow^?1 day^?1. A variety of health and productivity measurements were taken, and results indicated that supplementation had no negative effects on animal health in terms of somatic cell count, haematological and biochemical blood parameters, while body condition was marginally improved by algal supplementation. No differences were found for the various production parameters measured; however, a tendency towards increased milk production was observed for the AURA group during the final stage of the study (+4.5 kg cow^?1 day^?1, day 78–84). The fatty acid profile of milk was improved by supplementation, with significantly lower saturated fatty acids, significantly higher omega‐3 fatty acids and an improved omega‐3/omega‐6 ratio observed when compared to the control group. The amount of DHA in the milk of cows provided 105 g AURA  head^?1 day^?1 was 4.7 mg/100 g milk with a peak transfer efficiency from feed to milk at day 49 of 8.3%. These results indicate that supplementation with 105 g AURA  head^?1 day^?1 resulted in the successful enrichment of milk with DHA without negatively impacting the health or productivity of the animals.     

Effect of Rhizodegradation in Diesel-Contaminated Soil Under Different Soil Conditions

Abstract

In Order To Develop A Cultivation Technique For The Practical Use of Phytoremediation of Diesel-Contaminated Soil, We Evaluated The Rhizodegradation of Diesel-Contaminated Soil Using Italian Ryegrass. Experiments Were Conducted Under Two Different Soil Conditions That Were Expected To Reduce The influence of Diesel On The Plant. Under The First Condition, The initial Diesel Concentration Which Is Expressed in The Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (Tph) Concentration Was Set To 0.80%. The Concentration Was Almost Half The Upper Limit For The Growth of Italian Ryegrass. Under The Second Condition, Zeolite Was Added To The Experimental Soil To Improve The Cation Exchange Capacity (Cec). in 152 Days Experiments, We Evaluated The Plant Growth Variables, Tph Concentration, Soil Dehydrogenase Activity (Dha) That Is Reflective of The Rhizosphere Microbial Activity, And The Aerobic Bacterial Count. The Results Suggest That The Tph Concentration in First Condition (0.80%) Could Not Bring About A Significant Recovery of Plant Growth. The Plant Growth Observed in First Condition Was Equal To ThatObserved in The Case of The Upper Limit Tph Concentration Used in Our Previous Study. However, Under The Second Condition,It Is Suggested That The Addition of Zeolite Could increase Plant Growth, Which Can in Turn Improve The Rhizodegradation Effect.     

日粮中裂殖壶藻渣对多鳞白甲鱼生长、脂代谢及健康的影响

本研究旨在探究裂殖壶藻渣作为饲料原料对土著鱼类多鳞白甲鱼的生长性能、脂质代谢及健康状况的影响。在五种等氮等脂饲料中分别添加0g/kg(DS0)、30g/kg(DS3)、60g/kg(DS6)、90g/kg(DS9)和120g/kg(DS12)的裂殖壶藻渣,饲喂养殖于室内循环水系统的180尾多鳞白甲鱼（9.00g±0.25g/尾,12尾/缸）56天。结果显示：（1）增重率(WG)、特定生长率(SGR)及饲料系数(FCR)在各组间无显著差异(P>0.05);（2）DS9组和DS12组的肥满度(CF)、肝体比(HSI)、腹脂指数(IFI)、肝脏和腹脂甘油三脂(TG)含量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);（3）DS6、DS9和DS12组肌肉中DHA含量、∑n-3 LC PUFA（N-3长链多不饱和脂肪酸）含量、n-3/n-6 PUFA比例、胆固醇血症指数(h/H)和血脂质量指数(FLQ)显著高于对照组,而动脉粥样硬化指数(AI)和血栓形成指数(TI)均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);（4）所有处理组肝脏的脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)和乙酰辅酶A羧化酶1(ACC1)的mRNA表达水平显著低于对照组(P<0.05);DS6、DS9和DS12组腹腔脂肪组织的乙酰辅酶A羧化酶2(ACC2)和甘油三酯水解酶(ATGL)的mRNA表达水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。（5）所有处理组血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著高于对照组,丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。研究表明,在日粮中添加90g/ kg的裂殖壶藻渣可能通过影响脂代谢相关基因的表达显著降低多鳞白甲鱼腹腔脂肪和肝脏脂肪蓄积,并提升其肌肉营养价值,增强机体抗氧化能力。     

稚鱼生物饵料的DHA营养强化

综述了国内外海水稚鱼生物饵的ＤＨＡ营养强化技术研究及其应用状况，轮虫、卤虫的营养强化方法和注意事项。     

Alteration of liver and muscle fatty acid composition in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles held at high stocking density and fed an essential fatty acid deficient diet

The aim of the present study was to determine the combined effect of both stress and EFA deficiency on several biological and biochemical parameters. Fish were fed during 15 weeks two isocaloric and isoproteic diets: a control diet based on fish oil and formulated to meet the n-3 HUFA requirements for this species (1.5% of n-3 HUFA) and a deficient diet containing beef tallow and formulated to be deficient in n-3 HUFA. Each experimental diet was evaluated both at high and low stocking densities (10 and 3.2 kg m^–3 of initial density, respectively).High stocking density produced a chronic stress situation with elevation of plasma cortisol levels. It also caused a reduction in hepatosomatic index and liver lipid contents, increasing the oleic acid/n-3 HUFA ratios in the polar lipids. Fish fed the EFA deficient diet at low stocking density showed common deficiency symptoms. High stocking density in fish fed the EFA deficient diet induced a higher degree of EFA deficiency symptoms leading to mortality, liver steatosis, liver lipid deposition, reduced muscle lipid and reduced n-3 HUFA contents, which particularly affected EPA, but not DHA, suggesting a preferential retention of the latter fatty acid, specially in the phosphoglycerides fraction.     

Use of marine yeasts as an available diet for mass cultures of Moina macrocopa

A 4‐week feeding trial was conducted to test the use of marine yeasts purified from seawater and sediments as a dietary source in cultivating a cladoceran, Moina macrocopa, a potential alternative live food for fish larvae. Optimal growth conditions of two yeast strains were obtained for NaCl concentration, pH and temperature. Moina macrocopa was cultivated using different diets: marine yeasts (Debaryomyces hansenii Yeast‐14 and Candida austromarina Yeast‐16) and a commercial diet (Erythrobacter sp. Sπ‐I). The essential amino acids of both the yeast strains were nearly as great as those in M. microcopa. Further, the yeast‐fed M. macrocopa had essential amino acid profiles similar to the documented values for rotifers and Artemia enriched in microalgae and commercial diets. Erythrobacter sp. Sπ‐I lacked n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, 20:5n‐3 and 22:6n‐3, which were also low but detected in both yeasts. An increase in the 20:5n‐3 [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)] and 22:6n‐3 [docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] levels, compared with the levels in yeast strains themselves, was more pronounced in the 22:6n‐3 level of Moina fed the C. austromarina, resulting in a high DHA:EPA ratio. When the Moina diets were switched, their δ¹³C values shifted gradually towards the values of the switched diets. Diet switch from Erythrobacter sp. Sπ‐I to C. austromarina Yeast‐16 resulted in a more rapid turnover of Moina tissue carbon than that in the inverse case. When fed a mixed diet, the δ¹³C values of Moina tissue approached the value of marine yeasts immediately. These temporal changes in the δ¹³C values of Moina tissue indicate the preferential ingestion of marine yeasts and a selective assimilation of the carbon originated from marine yeasts. These findings suggest that marine yeasts, particularly C. austromarina Yeast‐16, are highly available to mass cultures of M. macrocopa, providing better nutritional and dietary values than the commercial diet (Erythrobacter sp. Sπ‐I).     

Fatty acid composition of New Zealand green-lipped mussels, Perna canaliculus: Implications for harvesting for n-3 extracts

Marine bivalves offer a potentially important source of long-chained polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for human health supplements. Lipid extracts from individual New Zealand green-lipped mussels (NZGLM) were analyzed as fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) by gas chromatography to assess geographical and seasonal differences between large (86 ± 1 mm) male and female and small (44 ± 1 mm) mussels. PUFAs dominated in spring and summer, comprising ∼ 50% of total fatty acids. Moreover, the commercially important n-3 fatty acids, 20:5n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) and 22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA) together accounted for 70-79% of total PUFAs in spring and summer. During winter there was a marked decrease in condition and total n-3 PUFAs and a concomitant increase in saturated fatty acids in mussels, suggesting they had already spawned, had increased metabolic demands and limited PUFA-rich phytoplankton as food. While total n-3 content was not significantly different, there were geographical differences in individual n-3 fatty acids. Mussels collected from the cooler waters of Stewart Island had greater levels of 20:5n-3 (EPA), while those collected in Marlborough had greater concentrations of 22:6n-3 (DHA), which was attributed mainly to differences in phytoplankton composition. Total n-3 content and the condition index varied seasonally with greater concentrations of n-3 PUFAs, especially EPA, recorded in large mussels in spring, coincident with spring diatom blooms. Total PUFA levels and condition indices remained high in summer. There was no significant difference in condition indices, total n-3 content, DHA or EPA levels between large male and female mussels. Conversely, large mussels had significantly greater amounts of n-3 PUFAs than small mussels at Marlborough Sounds, while small mussels had marginally greater total n-3 concentrations than large mussels at Stewart Island. Taken together, these results suggest that the NZGLM offers a potentially important source of n-3 PUFAs for human health supplements. Our findings suggest that optimal harvesting conditions occur in spring when mussel condition and n-3 content peak for large mussels. Although DHA and EPA levels varied geographically, total n-3 content was not significantly different between sites, which implies that harvesting mussels for n-3 extracts would be driven more by logistical considerations.     

Assessment of marine thraustochytrid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Schizochytrium limacinum</Emphasis> OUC88 for mariculture by enriched feeds

ABSTRACT:   In the present study, Schizochytrium limacinum OUC88, a thraustochytrid with high content of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n −3), was used as feed for rotifer Brachionus plicatilis and Artemia franciscana . The rotifer and Artemia were harvested at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24-h intervals, analyzed for fatty acid composition, and compared with the control which fed on yeast only. The highest DHA content resulted from an enrichment period of 12 h for both fed organisms, reached 13.4 and 10.9% of the total fatty acids (TFAs) in rotifers and Artemia nauplii, respectively, and the DHA level reduced sharply if enrichment time was longer than 12 h. The pseudoalbinism rate of turbot Scophthalmus maximus juveniles fed enriched rotifers and Artemia nauplii reduced greatly (40% lower than in control group). Thus, enrichment of rotifers and Artemia nauplii by DHA-rich Schizochytrium limacinum OUC88 may provide a practical strategy for feeding fish juveniles in aquaculture.     

Nano- and Microdelivery Systems for Marine Bioactive Lipids

There is an increasing body of evidence of the positive impact of several marine lipids on human health. These compounds, which include ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, have been shown to improve blood lipid profiles and exert anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects. The high instability of these compounds to oxidative deterioration and their hydrophobicity have a drastic impact in their pharmacokinetics. Thus, the bioavailability of these compounds may be affected, resulting in their inability to reach the target sites at effective concentrations. In this regard; micro/nanoparticles can offer a wide range of solutions that can prevent the degradation of targeted molecules, increase their absorption, uptake and bioavailability. In this work we will present the options currently available concerning micro- and nanodelivery systems for marine lipids; with emphasis on micro/nanoparticles; such as micro/nanocapsules and emulsions. A wide range of bottom-up approaches using casein, chitosan, cyclodextrins, among others; will be discussed.