支管射流三通结构优化与试验

为了提高支管射流三通水力性能,改善滴灌的灌水均匀性,基于CFX数值模拟技术,对进口宽度为15 mm的支管射流三通进行结构优化.选取位差、劈距、劈尖半径和侧壁倾角为影响因素,通过四因素三水平正交设计了9组模型,边界条件设定为进口压力100 kPa.选取支管射流三通出口设计流量为评价标准,支管射流三通最优结构尺寸为位差5.5 mm、劈距113 mm、劈尖半径13 mm、侧壁倾角10°.此结构尺寸参数下的支管射流三通水力性能试验结果表明:在进口水压为100 kPa时,支管射流三通脉冲频率为148次/min,水头压力振幅为37.9 kPa,水头压力损失为16.7 kPa,出口流量为0.698 L/s;支管射流三通所接滴灌带长度为60 m时,与普通支管三通相比,支管射流三通的灌水均匀系数提高了2.78%,流量偏差率降低了4.72%.该研究可为射流技术在脉冲滴灌系统的研究、开发与应用提供理论依据.     

Genotype by environment effects and selection for drought tolerance in tropical maize. II. Three-mode pattern analysis

A selection program in three tropical maize populations aimed to improve tolerance of mid-season to late season drought environments while maintaining grain yield (GY) potential. The selection process employed other attributes that included maintaining a constant anthesis date (AD) and, under drought, shortening the anthesis-silking interval (ASI) and increasing ear number per plant (EPP). Three-mode (genotypes × environments × attributes) pattern analysis, which consists of clustering and ordination, should be able to collectively interpret these changes from ten evaluation trials. Mixture maximum likelihood clustering identified four groups that indicated the populations' performance had changed with selection. Groups containing the advanced cycles of selection were higher yielding in most environments and had lower ASI and higher EPP, particularly in drought environments. Check entries with no selection for drought tolerance remained grouped with the initial cycles of selection. A 3 × 2 × 3 (genotypes by environments by attributes) principal component model explained 70% of the variation. For the first environmental component, ASI was shown to be highly negatively correlated with both GY and EPP while anthesis date (AD) was virtually uncorrelated with other traits. The second environmental component (explaining 10% of the variation) contrasted droughted and well-watered environments and showed that EPP and GY were better indicators of this contrast (in terms of changes in population performance) than were AD or ASI. Three-mode analysis demonstrated that improvements with selection occurred in both droughted and well-watered environments and clearly summarised the overall success of the breeding program. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

杂交水稻三交种的优势表现及其配合力

采用5×5不完全双列杂交观察杂交水稻三交种的产量优势表现,并对株高等13个农艺性状进行配合力方差分析。部分三交种产量极显著高于对应的单交种。三交种单株产量与特殊配合力相对效应值和配合力总效应值均呈极显著相关。剑叶长以基因非加性效应的作用为主;千粒重、有效穗数和单株产量虽然基因加性效应大于非加性效应,但后者仍占相当的比重;株高、抽穗期、主穗长、结实率、剑叶宽、粒长、粒宽和粒形以基因加性效应的作用为主。     

Undesired Self-Pollination of the Parent Plant Decreases Dry Matter Yield of Silage Maize

A proportion of the maize seed sold in the Netherlands is genetically impure. The most common form of genetic impurity in hybrid seed production is the accidental self-pollination of the female parent. Varying quantities of selfed seeds were added to certified seedlots of three-way cross hybrids. These mixtures were tested in nine field experiments, in 1985 and 1986.
Whole plant dry matter yield decreased by 40 to 45 kg/ha per percent of selfed seed added. The effect of selfed seed on dry matter yield did not differ significantly in the hybrids studied.     

细胞质雄性不育海岛棉与陆地棉三交种的杂种优势表现

 以海岛棉和陆地棉不育系及其恢复系为杂交亲本,配制了10个海岛棉与陆地棉种间三交种（简称海陆三交种）和4个单交种。经两年田间试验表明,海陆三交种相对于海海单交种产量极显著提高,与海陆单交种无显著差异,但比陆陆单交种显著减产;纤维品质接近于海陆单交种,显著高于陆陆单交种;制种产量虽然不及陆陆单交种,但比海海单交种显著增产。选育海陆三交种应注重选择早熟的海岛棉不育系,高衣分的陆地棉临时保持系,大铃的陆地棉恢复系,且叶型和株型相对一致的亲本配制组合。     

定量泵负载敏感系统卸荷压力冲击抑制研究

定量泵负载敏感系统在快速卸荷时容易出现压力冲击现象,对系统的可靠性和寿命产生较大危害。三通压力补偿阀是定量泵负载敏感系统中关键的调压元件,本文以三通压力补偿阀为切入点,建立定量泵负载敏感系统功率键合图模型,基于键合图模型推导系统的状态方程,建立Matlab动态仿真模型,探讨系统卸荷压力冲击的抑制方案。基于系统仿真模型,首先对系统卸荷压力冲击的仿真与试验进行对比,验证了仿真模型的正确性;然后,针对三通压力补偿阀的系统压力腔阻尼、阀芯直径、Ls腔阻尼、阀口锥角等关键参数,对卸荷压力冲击影响规律进行仿真;最后,基于关键参数对卸荷压力冲击影响规律的分析,提出了一种"小阀芯、双阀口"型三通压力补偿阀结构优化方案,并对其卸压冲击抑制效果进行了仿真和试验。结果表明,该方案可以有效抑制卸荷压力冲击,优化后系统卸压冲击压差比原系统降低了89%,卸荷压力降低了20%,进一步实现了节能。     

三元杂交肉牛的肉用性能及适宜屠宰期研究

选择健康无病、发育正常、膘情中等的西门塔尔×利木赞×本地牛(西利本)、夏洛莱×利木赞×本地牛(夏利本)、利木赞×西门塔尔×本地牛(利西本)、利木赞×利木赞×本地牛(利杂二代)6月龄肉用公牛各10头,研究其生长发育及其12、18、24、30月龄的屠宰性能。结果表明:三元杂交牛的生长发育较快,以西利本的体形最大,夏利本增长速度最快。由于18月龄后生长减慢,使各组试验牛的饲料消耗增大。三元杂交肉牛在高档肉生产上比利杂二代表现出更强的杂交优势,其中以利西本的屠宰成绩最高,产肉能力最强,其次为西利本。24月龄以前为适宜屠宰期。     

不同三元杂交猪肥育效果及肉质比较

用杜洛克、A系作三元杂交终端父本,分别与 (长白×大约克)、(大约克×长白),(B系×C系)、(大约克×C系)作母本杂交产生的8个杂交组合的仔猪为试验材料,对其安排活质量20～90 kg的肥育试验,并进行屠宰测定和胴体品质分析,结果表明,全期日增质量以杜洛克×(长白×大约克)最高(为704 g),显著的高于杜洛克×(B系×C系)、A系×(长白×大约克)、A系×(B系×C系),同时与A系×(大约克×C系)有极显著的差异;从表现值看,料肉比最小的组合为A系×(长白×大约克)。通过对肥育性能较好的几个组合的肉质比较,初步确定杜洛克×(长白×大约克)和杜洛克×(大约克×C系)为较理想的三元杂交组合模式。     

蔬菜育种的三向选择策略及其定量化实施方法初探

在分析现有蔬菜育种技术的特点和杂种优势育种中存在的问题的基础上,从杂种优势育种中自交系的选育理论和国内外的蔬菜育种实践中,概括、总结出蔬菜育种的三向选择策略,即基于从选育出的材料直接应用于目前的新品种育种实践的目标考虑,在对一基本材料的分离世代(如F2代)进行选择时,除以对照品种为依据,按有性杂交育种途径经多代选择选育出新品种外,还可按照杂种优势育种目标中对母本、父本的要求,经多代选择选育出母本自交系、父本自交系。实践中,三向选择策略的实施方法有定性法和定量法2种,但定量法能更大程度地提高育种效率,将更受育种者的青睐。初步从遗传上探讨了三向选择策略在杂种优势育种中的两种定量化实施方法:1)以对照品种为依据,2)以杂种优势预见性育种理论为依据。这2种定量化实施方法,均解决了亲本自交系的选择指标定量化这一难题,从而可以定向选育亲本,提高了杂种优势育种的预见性和育种效率。      

05-08-茹宝瑞-河南省商品肉牛生产三元杂交试验初报

通过对河南省四个市的六个县(市)的6个肉牛三元杂交组合(夏西南、西夏南、利夏南、夏利南、利西南和西利南),6、12和18月龄三个年龄段平均体重的方差分析,结果表明:夏西南、利西南、西夏南和西利南四个杂交组合效果比较好。而且在三元经济杂交过程中,种公牛品种的选择上,第一父本选择母性性状(受精力、产奶量、乳房质量)比较明显的肉乳或乳肉兼用型种公牛;第二父本选择生长速度快和胴体质量好的纯种肉用种公牛,从而能有效改善地方品种繁殖母牛的泌乳性能,提高商品肉牛的生长速度、屠宰率和胴体品质。