氮磷钾配比对长优2号产量和经济性状的影响

采用“3414”方案设计试验,研究氮磷钾不同配比施肥对长优2号产量及经济性状的影响,结果表明,氮、磷、钾对长优2号都有一定的增产效应,其中以氮的增产效应最为显著,磷与钾次之。初步得出本次试验最佳施肥量为“N”16.23㎏/667㎡、“P2O5”8.46㎏/667㎡、“K2O”16.06㎏/667㎡,NPK比接近“1：0.5：1”水平。     

包膜含缩节胺氯化钾对棉花产量及土壤钾素的影响

棉花是具无限生长特性的喜钾作物，为解决其生育期内多次追施钾肥和叶面喷施缩节胺的用工问题，实现轻简化种植目标，研究包膜含缩节胺氯化钾对棉花产量、经济效益和土壤钾素变化特征的影响。试验设5个处理，分别为一次基施180 kg?hm-2包膜含缩节胺氯化钾（CRKMC）、减少30%钾素用量（126 kg?hm-2）的包膜含缩节胺氯化钾（70%CRKMC）、基施180 kg·hm^-2普通包膜氯化钾（CRK）、分次施用180 kg?hm-2普通氯化钾（KCl）和对照（CK，不施钾肥），后三个处理叶面喷施三次缩节胺。结果表明：等量施钾条件下，CRKMC和CRK较KCl籽棉产量分别增加8.81%和9.36%，经济效益分别增加15.53%和12.86%，70%CRKMC较KCl增产6.53%，增加净收入13.64%。CRKMC抑制棉花盛花期前的株高，提高后期株高、茎粗和叶绿素含量，使生物量较KCl增加18.56%~24.98%，提高钾素吸收量，表观利用率增加25.06~38.83个百分点。CRKMC中的钾素和缩节胺在土壤中呈“先慢后快而后趋于平缓”的规律，释放高峰出现在盛花期至始絮期，显著提高蕾期以后土壤中的速效钾含量。因此，土壤基施包膜含缩节胺氯化钾，可合理协调棉花生长势指标，满足钾素吸收需求，减少30%用量仍有较高的经济效益和钾素利用率，实现了缩节胺和钾素在同一时空条件下的一体化调控，有助于棉花减肥、高产和轻简化种植。     

番茄对钾的吸收和分配的研究

对两个番茄品种，吸钾量的研究表明，“渝抗二号”番茄对Ｋ＾＋的吸收率较高，“早丰”番茄地上部分Ｋ＾＋的分配较多。当用ＮａＮＯ３代替营养液中的ＫＮＯ３后，Ｋ＾＋的分配比例与完全培养液中的植株相似，但分配到地上部的比例较小。加Ｎａ＾＋后，“渝抗二号”植株的叶和茎中的含Ｋ＾＋量比“早丰”更多，表明不同番茄品种在不同的Ｋ＾＋和Ｎａ＾＋环境中，有着明显不同的离子吸收和分配机制。     

Epidemiology of beet necrotic yellow vein virus in sugar beet at different initial inoculum levels in the presence or absence of irrigation

A field experiment was set up in 1988 to study the development of rhizomania disease of sugar beet at different inoculum levels of beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) in soil. Five, tenfold different, inoculum levels were created by addition of the approximate amounts of 0, 0.5, 5, 50 and 500 kg infested soil per ha (the latter corresponding to 0.01% v/v calculated to the tillage layer). A drip irrigation treatment was applied to study the influence of soil moisture on disease. Susceptible sugar beet, cv. Regina, was grown for three consecutive years.In the first year, root symptoms were not observed, but BNYVV-infected plants were detected by ELISA in low numbers at all inoculum levels at harvest. After late drilling in 1989, high numbers of infected plants, up to 90–100% in plots with the highest inoculum level, were detected already in June. Root symptoms were also observed from June onwards. In both these years disease incidence increased in time and was significantly influenced by the initial inoculum level. In the third year, the whole field was heavily diseased, and only for the non-irrigated plots incidence differed for different initial inoculum levels. The expression of symptoms by BNYVV-infected plants was influenced by initial inoculum level, thus by the amount and timing of primary infection.Root weight at harvest was not affected, but sugar content decreased with increasing inoculum level already in 1988, leading to a reduction in sugar yield of 10% at the highest inoculum level. In 1989, both root weight and sugar content decreased progressively with increasing inoculum level, resulting in sugar yield reductions of 11–66% (down to approximately 3000 kg ha^–1) for low to high inoculum levels compared to the control. As the control plots became contaminated, all yields were low in 1990, still showing a decrease with increasing inoculum level in the non-irrigated plots, but an overall mean sugar yield of 3323 kg ha^–1 for the irrigated ones.Sodium and -amino nitrogen content of the root, additional quality parameters determining extractability of sucrose, showed an increase and decrease, respectively, with increasing initial inoculum level already in the first year. The relative differences in contents compared to those from the control were largest for Na content. A significant negative correlation was found between Na (mmol kg^–1 root) and sugar content (% of fresh weight); linear for 1988, exponential for 1989 and 1990.In spring 1989, the infestation of individual plots was assessed using a quantitative bioassay estimating most probable numbers (MPNs) of infective units of BNYVV per 100 g dry soil. The relationship between the MPns determined and root weight, sugar content and sugar yield at harvest could be described by Gompertz curves. The increase in disease incidence with increasing MPN in 1989 was adequately fitted with a logistic equation.     

Changes of Ca2＋ activated potassium channels and cellular-proliferation in autogenous vein grafts

AIM: To investigate changes of Ca^2＋ activated potassium channels (K_Ca) in autogenous vein grafts. METHODS: The contraction of venous ring was measured by means of perfusion in vitro. The intimal proliferation and proliferation of cultured smooth muscle cells (vascular smooth muscle cells, VSMCs) were observed by the means of computerised image analysis and MTT method, respectively. Furthermore, whole cell mode of patch clamp was used to record K_Ca of VSMCs isolated from autogenous vein grafts. RESULTS: 1 week after transplantation there were no significant differences of contraction and intimal relative thickness between autogenous vein grafts and control. Contraction and intimal relative thickness of autogenous vein graft were significantly increased 2 weeks after transplantation (P＜0.05, n=8 vs control), and they were more enhanced 4 weeks after vein transplantation (P＜0.01, n=8 vs control). TEA (blocker of Ca^2＋ activated potassium channels) increased MTT A₄₉₀ value of VSMCs from femoral vein in a dose-dependent manner (P＜0.05, n=8). K_Ca current density was significantly attenuated in VSMCs from autogenous vein grafts 1-4 weeks after transplantation (P＜0.05, n=5). CONCLUSION: K_Ca was inhibited in autogenous vein graft, which accounted for vasospasm and intimal proliferation.     

农五师葡萄钾素动态变化及调节措施研究

通过叶分析研究了不同葡萄品种叶柄全钾5～9月含量动态变化规律.结果表明:葡萄叶柄钾含量在生育期内整体呈波浪式下降趋势,前期下降迅速,中期平缓,进入浆果成熟期后又趋于下降；强势品种在整个生长季节内对钾的吸收大于弱势品种；早熟品种叶柄内钾含量变化趋势比晚熟品种提前.根据新疆农五师葡萄园区土壤有效钾含量分布现状,建议生产中应根据葡萄钾元素动态变化特点,不同团场应结合当地土壤有效钾含量相应补充.     

土壤中根皮苷和根皮素对桃幼苗的影响

以一年生桃嫁接苗为试材,在盆栽条件下研究了苹果园土壤中特征酚酸类物质——根皮苷和根皮素对桃苗生物量、根系活力、根系保护性酶活性和MDA含量的影响。结果表明,根皮苷对桃幼苗的伤害显著,与对照相比,鲜质量、干质量分别降低了16.66%和21.58%,根系活力降低了33.04%,SOD、POD活性分别降低了40.80%和31.10%,MDA含量提高了116.34%。根皮素对桃苗的影响不大。高锰酸钾处理明显缓解了根皮苷对桃苗的伤害,苹果园土壤中的根皮苷含量降低了57.80%,提高了桃苗的生物量、根系活力和保护性酶活性,降低了MDA含量。综上,老龄苹果园土壤实测含量的根皮苷(0.343mg·kg~(-1))可降低桃苗的生物量,适量的高锰酸钾能缓解根皮苷的伤害作用。     

利用钾吸收基因表达评价葡萄叶面喷施钾肥效果和喷施浓度

【目的】叶面喷施钾肥可以快速、 高效地为葡萄补充钾营养,促进葡萄的高产和优质,已经被广泛应用于葡萄生产中。本实验通过对葡萄叶面喷施不同种类及浓度钾肥,测定葡萄叶片和果实等生理指标变化,以及钾吸收相关基因的表达变化,从生理和基因水平上评价这些钾肥的喷施效果,为葡萄生产中钾肥的施用提供一定指导。【方法】本实验以‘夏黑’葡萄为试材,选择两个葡萄生长关键时期盛花期和果实膨大期分别对葡萄叶片喷施0.2%、 0.5%和0.8%三种浓度的K2SO4、 K2CO3、 K2SO4·2MgSO4和KCl。然后对葡萄叶片和新梢的生长率,坐果率,叶绿素含量,单粒重,可溶性固形物等生理指标进行统计分析,并利用荧光定量PCR技术分析4个钾吸收相关基因VvHAK13、 VvKEA2、 VvSIRK和VvSORK的表达情况。【结果】叶面喷施4种钾肥后,葡萄叶片和新梢的生长率,坐果率,叶绿素含量,单粒重,可溶性固形物等各项生理指标均有不同程度的提升。钾肥种类不同,最适喷施浓度不同,同种钾肥在葡萄盛花期和果实膨大期的最适喷施浓度也有所不同,四种钾肥在果实膨大期的最适喷施浓度普遍高于盛花期。四个钾吸收相关基因在喷施不同种类及浓度钾肥后也表现出不同的表达模式,总体来讲VvKEA2、 VvSIRK 、 VvSORK的表达上调,而VvHAK13的表达下调。果实膨大期,需喷施较高浓度的钾肥,钾吸收相关基因才表现出较强烈的响应,而在盛花期则只需喷施较低浓度的钾肥。综合生理指标和基因表达两方面结果,得出4种钾肥效果依次为K2SO4·2MgSO4＞K2SO4＞K2CO3＞KCl。盛花期K2SO4和K2CO3的最适喷施浓度为0.5%,K2SO4·2MgSO4和KCl的最适喷施浓度为0.2%; 果实膨大期K2SO4、 K2SO4·2MgSO4和KCl的最适喷施浓度为0.5%,K2CO3的最适喷施浓度为0.8%。【结论】葡萄叶面喷施钾肥可以有效促进葡萄叶片和果实的生长发育,四种钾肥的效果依此为: K2SO4·2MgSO4＞K2SO4＞K2CO3＞KCl。盛花期K2SO4和K2CO3的最适喷施浓度为0.5%,K2SO4·2MgSO4和KCl的最适喷施浓度为0.2%; 果实膨大期K2SO4、 K2SO4·2MgSO4和KCl的最适喷施浓度为0.5%,K2CO3的最适喷施浓度为0.8%。适宜的喷施浓度可以有效提高钾吸收相关基因的表达,是其提高钾吸收利用的机理之一。     

田间烤烟叶片缺钾症状与钾积累及土壤供钾水平关系

基于田间正常施肥烟株生长中期中、上部叶通常出现缺钾症状的现象,以烤烟品种K326为材料在砂质壤土上进行了田间试验,定期观察无钾(即K0,仅按常规施用氮磷肥,K_2O用量为0 kg·hm~(–2))、常规施肥但中后期出现缺钾症状(即CF,按常规施用氮磷钾肥,K_2O用量为364 kg·hm~(–2)但中后期仍有缺钾症状)、常规施肥且正常生长(即CK,按常规施用氮磷钾肥,K_2O用量为364 kg·hm~(–2)但中后期无缺钾症状)3处理烟株移栽后生长情况(特别是叶片缺钾症状的出现情况),并及时采集和测定了相应烟株的干物质、钾含量及根区土壤速效钾含量,以阐明正常施肥烤烟中、上部叶出现缺钾症状的可能原因。结果表明:(1)CF和K0烟株在移栽后33 d前叶片均未出现缺钾症状;但根区土壤速效钾含量移栽后42 d低于99.86 mg·kg~(–1)时,K0烟株第8～第15叶陆续表现缺钾;CF烟株根区土壤速效钾含量移栽后57 d低于131.1mg·kg~(–1)时,第12～第16叶也相继缺钾,而其他叶位叶片正常。(2)从移栽至42 d,CK和K0烟株干物质和钾素累积量虽皆明显增加,但K0烟株总量偏低趋势愈发显著;至移栽后57 d期间,CK和K0烟株前述两个指标继续增加,但此期CF干物质累积有相似的增加趋势,而钾素累积与出现缺钾症状前相比(即移栽后42 d时CK)则略有减少;(3)移栽后42 d至57 d,CF烟株上、中部叶和K0烟株上部叶钾净输出明显,而茎中净输入显著,其他器官或部位总体持平或略有增加;CK烟株上部叶钾素输入、输出维持平衡,其他器官有净增加。(4)生长期间,CK烟叶钾含量皆表现出随叶位上升而呈总体下降,K0烟叶前期有相似规律,但移栽后42 d、57 d呈"上升-下降-上升",CF于移栽后57 d为"下降-上升"趋势。上述结果说明,K0烟株移栽后42 d中部叶开始缺钾是钾整体吸收不足所致,后期则兼有上部叶钾净输出原因;CF烟株出现中、上部叶缺钾而下部叶正常则有3个原因,一是后期体内干物质累积持续增加导致的稀释;二是此期整株钾累积不仅未增加,且有下降;三是CF烟株中、上部叶钾净输出增加。     

施用生物菌剂对烤烟叶片生理特征及钾、氯含量的影响

为探讨不同生物菌剂在烤烟上的施用效果,选取烤烟品种秦烟96和豫烟6号为材料,设计了对照(T1)、生物菌剂A(T2)、生物菌剂B(T3)、生物菌剂C(T4)、生物菌剂D(T5)和生物菌剂E(T6)6个处理,于2016年在河南省洛阳市(旱作烟区)和驻马店市(雨养烟区)进行了田间试验,研究了施用生物菌剂对烤烟叶片生理特征及钾、氯含量的影响。结果表明:施用生物菌剂处理与对照相比烤烟叶片中可溶性糖的含量增加了0.38%～1.43%,丙二醛(MDA)含量降低了0.3～7.36μmol·g~(-1)。除雨养烟区T5处理外,与对照相比,施用生物菌剂处理烤烟叶片过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)活性和过氧化物酶(POD)活性分别提高2.1～26.2μmol·min~(-1)·g~(-1),0.6～40 U·g~(-1)和546～2 531 U·g~(-1)。中部叶养分分析表明,施用生物菌剂处理在移栽后45 d(除雨养烟区T4处理外)全钾含量提高了0.42%～1.32%,移栽后60 d提高了0.03%～1.00%。从经济性状看,与对照相比,雨养烟区T3处理产值和上等烟比例分别增加14 708元·hm~(-2)和23.1%,旱作烟区T2处理产值和上等烟比例分别增加7 849元·hm~(-2)和13.7%。化学成分分析表明,雨养烟区T3处理和旱作烟区T2处理烟叶钾含量平均分别提高0.40%和0.57%,施用生物菌剂处理使烟叶化学成分更加协调。