Effects of Foliar Fertilization on Incidence of Berry Shrivel and Bunch Stem Necrosis in Vitis vinifera L. CVS ‘Pinot Blanc’ and ‘Zweigelt’

Berry shrivel and bunch stem necrosis are the economically most important physiological disorders of grapevine. The nutritional status of the plant is considered as one of the main elicitors for the occurrence of these disorders. For foliar fertilization trials, two vineyards that had previously been affected by both diseases were selected in Southwest Germany, one with the variety ‘Zweigelt’ and one with Pinot Blanc. By the use of potassium, magnesium, and calcium foliar fertilizers, a rapid increase of different nutrients in the plants should be caused and the effects on the diseases observed. In 2010, no significant differences in the fertilization treatments were found for both varieties. In ‘Pinot Blanc’, significantly more berries were affected by berry shrivel in 2011 in plots treated with calcium fertilizer compared to those treated with potassium and magnesium. Plots with magnesium fertilizer showed significantly less berries affected by berry shrivel than the untreated control.     

膨润土对山西石灰性土壤钾素有效性的影响

室内培养试验结果表明 :山西石灰性土壤在田间持水量条件下 ,加入不同浓度的外源钾后 ,经过一段时间培养 ,土壤释钾量随加入外源钾浓度的增加而增加 ,施加膨润土后土壤释钾量明显高于未施加膨润土的土壤 .在干湿交替过程中 ,土壤固钾能力增强 ,其固钾量随加入外源钾浓度的增加而增加 ,施加膨润土后土壤固钾量明显降低     

盐胁迫下转Bt基因棉的K+、Na+转运及SOD活性的变化

通过对转Bt基因棉(苏抗103)和受体棉(苏棉12)在不同浓度盐胁迫条件下的钾钠离子的转运、累积分布以及它们SOD活性和H2O2含量变化的比较,证明了Bt抗虫基因的导入一方面导致棉花植株地上部钾累积增多,根部钾含量降低,从根往地上部的钾转运能力增强,而且根吸收能力也有增强趋势;然而另一方面,受盐胁迫时转Bt基因棉对钾的向上运输选择性减弱,地上部钠积累偏多,盐耐性减弱;SOD活性受盐胁迫影响,下降显著,超氧自由基的清除能力可能受到影响。结果表明,与常规棉有所不同,转Bt基因棉可能不太适宜在盐碱土壤上种植。     

不同土壤和氮钾肥配比对莴笋的营养效应研究

通过田间小区试验研究了不同N、K肥料配比对酸性和碱性土壤上两个莴笋品种(科兴 3 号和双尖莴笋)产量及品质的影响.结果表明,不同土壤上施用不同N、K配比肥料对双尖莴笋和科兴 3 号的产量影响不同.在酸性土壤上,对照(N15K10)是适宜两种莴笋高产的最佳N、K肥配比处理.在碱性土壤上种植双尖莴笋时,可以考虑在对照基础上适当地降低N肥用量.在碱性土壤上两种莴笋的产量均高于酸性土壤.减N和增K处理有利于降低莴笋的硝酸盐含量.在酸性土壤上莴笋中的硝酸盐含量高于碱性土壤.莴笋采收后期茎的硝酸盐含量高于叶片.不同施肥处理对两种土壤上科兴3号和双尖莴笋营养品质的作用不一致.在酸性土壤上增施K肥或提高N肥的用量对莴笋营养品质的改善更有效果.莴笋的Vc含量以叶片＞茎,且酸性土壤＞碱性土壤.除双尖莴笋在增K处理(N15K15、N20K15)中茎的可溶性糖含量表现为酸性土＜碱性土以外,其他处理莴笋茎叶中的可溶性糖均为酸性土＞碱性土.不同处理莴笋的氨基酸含量均表现为茎＞叶.     

小麦/蚕豆间作条件下小麦的氮、钾营养对小麦白粉病的影响

通过小麦/蚕豆间作盆栽试验,研究比较了单作和间作条件下不同氮、钾营养水平对小麦氮、钾养分吸收和小麦白粉病发生的影响。结果表明:小麦蚕豆间作提高小麦子粒产量74.7%～133.9%,低氮条件下,间作提高小麦氮吸收量14.7%～169%;在高氮条件下,间作提高氮吸收量的优势降低;间作提高小麦钾吸收量32%～69%,增施钾肥提高小麦钾吸收量25.5%～57.3%。小麦间作蚕豆能明显减轻小麦白粉病的发生,间作平均防效达42.1%～83.1%;小麦白粉病的发生与小麦茎叶的氮吸收量呈显著正相关关系,r=0.623*～0.702*.*。     

施钾对不同基因型棉花光合特性及产量和品质的影响

在田间条件下,研究了施钾对抗虫杂交棉中棉所38、抗虫棉新棉33B、常规棉中棉所12光合特性和产量及品质的影响。结果表明,与不施钾相比,不同基因型棉花施氯化钾225.kg/hm2,棉花叶面积指数(LAI),叶绿素荧光动力学参数PSⅡ最大光化学量子效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在光化学活性(Fv/Fo)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ФPSⅡ),叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs),棉花干物重及分配到生殖器官的比例,棉花总成铃数、铃重和衣分均有不同程度提高;中棉所38、新棉33B和中棉所12皮棉产量分别增加13.60%、10.66%和4.21%;棉纤维2.5%跨距长度、比强度、马克隆值和纤维整齐度等品质也得到改善。中棉所38和新棉33B比中棉所12施钾的效果更好,生产上应优先给抗虫杂交棉和抗虫棉品种施用钾肥。     

供磷水平对不同磷效率玉米氮、钾素吸收和分配的影响

在砂培条件下,以磷高效利用型玉米(KH5)和磷低效利用型玉米(西502)为材料,研究了低磷(Pi25μmol/L,LP)和正常供磷(Pi2mmol/L,NP)2个供磷水平对其氮、钾素吸收和分配的影响。结果表明,磷高效利用型玉米氮钾素吸收和干物质积累受低磷处理的影响较小,表现出对氮、钾的高效吸收。正常供磷水平下,磷低效利用型玉米氮、钾素吸收量和干物质积累量显著高于磷高效利用型,但其氮、钾吸收和干物质生产能力远低于后者。低磷处理使玉米干物质和氮钾营养向根系分配的比例增加,磷低效利用型玉米这种趋势更为明显,反映其耐低磷能力较弱。     

施用钾肥对叶菜产量和品质的影响

Over a period of two years, field experiments were conducted on four silty loam soils grown with foliar vegetable crops including Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis Rupr., cv.Lu-Bai 3), autumn greens (B. chinensis L., cv.Piao-Geng-Bai), winter greens (B. var.rosularis Tsen et Lee, cv.You-Dong-Er), and summer greens (B. chinensis L., cv.Zao-Shu 5), respectively. Each experiment included one CK treatment without K, N and P fertilizers applied, and four treatments with from low to high doses, 0~300 kg hm^-2 for Chinese cabbage, 0~150 kg hm^-2 for autumn and winter greens and 0~180 kg hm^-2 for summer greens, of K fertilizers in the form of sulfate of potash (SOP) applied together with N and P fertilizers. One treatment of K fertilizer in the form of muriate of potash (MOP) applied at high levels (150 or 180 kg hm^-2) together with N and P fertilizers was included in the experiments of autumn, winter and summer greens, respectively, in order to compare the effects of SOP and MOP. The market yields of the tested crops increased significantly with the increasing rate of K application. The crops supplied with K fertilizers yielded more stably as the CV% of their yields decreased with the rate of K application. K fertilization increased not only K contents but also the amounts of N, P and K absorbed in shoots of autumn, winter and summer greens, which were statistically significantly correlated to their yields. It can also be found that potassium improved the quality of the foliar vegetable crops as their dry mater contents were generally increased and Vc contents obviously increased and nitrate contents markedly decreased. As compared to MOP, SOP was more effective on the yields and quality of autumn, winter and summer greens at the high levels of fertilization.     

施钾对小麦生理性状和品质的影响

通过大田试验和室内分析的方法研究了潮土上施钾对小麦生理性状和品质的影响，结果表明，两个小麦品种体内的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性不同，随着外界供钾条件的变化，其变化幅度也不同。温麦6号表现出SOD活性增减幅度变化较小，植株体内产生的活性氧相对较少，而兰考906-4的SOD活性增减幅度较大，易发生活性氧伤害。旗叶的光合速率，温麦6号受外界供钾的因素影响较小，有稳定的光合速率，从而促进产量的形成。钾不仅促进小麦品质的提高，而且还会影响品质组分，从小麦品种加工品质而言，温麦6号优于兰考906-4。     

Effects of dietary additives (potassium diformate/organic acids) as well as influences of grinding intensity (coarse/fine) of diets for weaned piglets experimentally infected with Salmonella Derby or Escherichia coli

The aim of this study was to examine whether and to what extent the addition of potassium diformate (pdf) or free organic acids (fpa) to the diet and the grinding intensity might affect the course of infection and the passage of orally applied Salmonella and Escherichia coli in pigs. Experiments were carried out using 80 reared piglets allotted to four groups. Pigs were fed pelleted diets ad libitum (except during a 15 h feed‐withholding‐period before infection). The control diet contained finely ground cereals (2 mm screen). To two test diets (also finely ground) 1.2% pdf, 0.9% organic acids (75% formic and 25% propionic acid, fpa) respectively were added. The fourth diet (without acids) was based on coarsely ground cereals (6‐mm screen). After experimental infection alternately with S. Derby or E. coli, the course of infection was examined (rectal swab technique). Pigs were sacrificed 4–5 h after a further oral application of ～10⁹–10¹⁰ CFU S. Derby or E. coli to determine the counts of Salmonella or E. coli in chyme (classical culture methods). Adding pdf or fpa to the diet led to reduced Salmonella shedding and resulted in significantly lower counts of Salmonella and E. coli in the stomach content indicating an improved efficacy of the stomach barrier. In the distal parts of the digestive tract, the effect was less obvious concerning counts of E. coli, whereas counts of Salmonella were reduced markedly as well. The diet based on coarsely ground cereals failed to demonstrate positive effects concerning infection and passage of orally applied bacteria as well, but this diet was also pelleted and showed unintentionally, comparable amounts of fine particles. Results obtained in this study allow the recommendation of using pdf or organic acids as additives when dietary measures against Salmonella or E. coli in pigs are required.